Service operations management-Porcinis Pronto Assignment

Service operations management-Porcinis Pronto - Assignment Example This will be implemented through the limited menu that values the products and services at moderate or appropriate prices. The company has limited resources and also capabilities that are needed in establishing an effective and efficient brand presence. Hence, it is very challenging to initiate the brand power strategy, and also enhance the market growth and development. There is a dilemma in making a decision on which brand approach will be effective in both the domestic market and the international market. The brand to be decided on depends on ownership category that is either syndication or alternatively franchising. The main aim of the most appropriate ownership model is to propel the effectiveness of the organizational brand. Appropriately integrating the interests of organizational stakeholders is a challenging experience for the management of the organization. In the new business venture, the company must strive to maintain its core value of excellent food, and hence the quality of the services and the food products must be above board. The high standards of the organization is illustrated through the performance determining factors like, adequate pricing, high service, quality food products, appropriate branding, and suitable business venues. The campaign initiative aims at ensuring the business performance achieves a minimum of 6% of the hu rdle rate of the company. This performance can be achieved through majorly concentrating on quality improvement approaches (Heskett & Luecke, 2011). Several approaches are adopted to ensure the effectiveness of the Porcini’s Pronto brand, and also improve the operations of the company through approaches like expansion. The food service business was initiated in 2010. The outlets of the company are placed strategically along the interstate highway. The outlet locations are very suitable for attracting the travelling customers who desire high standards of food products and also food service. The locations are

MACROECONOMICS Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

MACROECONOMICS - Case Study Example This results in the shift of the AD curve to the left. Aggregate supply (AS) is the total desired output of all the nations’ producer (Chrystal, p. 666). Since there is imported inflation in UK because of the rising oil prices, the AS is shifted leftwards as shown in the diagram below. Keynesians argue that demand (AD) finds its own supply. They stress about increasing AD or implementing policies that will stimulate aggregate demand. Monetary and Fiscal policies are demand-side policies; they serve to boost Aggregate demand. Aggregate demand can be increased by implementing expansionary fiscal policy like more government spending and lower tax rates and expansionary monetary policy which is reducing interest rates and increasing money supply. Classical economists are proponents of supply-side policies. They argue that supply finds its own demand. They are in favor of boosting aggregate supply through supply side policies like training and educating workers. Classical economist s argue that if AS increases due to supply-side policies, there will be less inflation. Inflation associated with production costs will be lowered. There is also lower structural and frictional unemployment as a result of increased AS. It works this way: increasing AS will require more workers so employers will start hiring. Since productivity increases as a result of increasing AS supply, a country like UK will be able to export more as a result of this. Q.b) This economic shock where the whole economy has slowed will result in workers being laid off and people who are already unemployed will find it very difficult to find a job. Cyclical unemployment or demand-deficient unemployment occurs whenever total demand is insufficient to purchase all of the economy’s potential output, causing a recessionary gap in which actual output is less than potential output (Chrystal, 2004, p. 595). It can be measured as the number of people who would be employed if the economy were at potent ial GDP minus the number of persons currently employed (Chrystal, 2004). Frictional unemployment results from the normal turnover of labor. Young people who enter the labor force and searching for jobs are an important source of frictional unemployment (Chrystal, 2004, p. 600). Also people who are planning to switch their present job are a source of frictional unemployment. Some people leave a job because of job-dissatisfaction and others are terminated. Structural unemployment occurs because structural adjustments can cause unemployment (Chrystal, 2004). Since the demand for labor is a derived demand, when the demand for product changes, the demand for labor also changes. If labor does not adjust as per the changing product demand, there is structural unemployment. Cyclical unemployment best describes the rising unemployment in the UK. Since UK is in the recessionary period of the business cycle, it means there is low economic activity and also there is less demand for the countryà ¢â‚¬â„¢s output. Hysteresis is a Greek word which means ‘coming late’ and in economics, it means that the current equilibrium is not independent of what has gone before- it is path dependent (Chrystal, 2004, p. 601). The impact of hysteresis on NAIRU (natural rate of unemployment) is that the NAIRU will be higher after periods of high unemployment than after periods of low unemployment. Through hysteresis, the shock

Sociological Theories Of The Social Institution Sociology Essay

Sociological Theories Of The Social Institution Sociology Essay Basically, the sociological theories are considered as an important one for understanding the operation of the society. The sociological theories helps one to understand how the people in society are related to each other. These theories will help to understand many issues of social in the society and makes it easy for developing solutions for the problems. The sociological theories helps us to understand about the family. There are various theories that are used for explaining how the operation of the society is done and how the interaction takes place between the people. Some of the examples for theories are functionalism theories, sociological theories, and conflict theory. The other important theory is an internationalism theory. The above theories helps to examine different institutions of the society and how they are operated. The social institutions include health care, families, and education. The above theories will impact families in different ways since they are different. The sociological theories will affect the interaction of family members. and functioning of the family. Family as the Social Institution I had chosen Family as the Social Institution. The sociological theories like functionalism, Conflict and interactionism are applied to the Social institution like family is briefed below. The first theory is the functionalism theory. It is also known as the structural functionalism theory or functionalist perspective. It is considered as the main theoretical perspective of the sociology. The theory of Functionalism in the Social institution family starts by observation that the behaviour of society is structured and the relationships between members were organised by rules and are therefore it is recurrent and patterned. Functionalists will examine the relationships between the various parts of the structure and their relationships of the society. The Functionalist theory impacts that the society will be in the state of balancing and keeping the way through the parts of societys component function. This theory has been used in biological and ecological concepts too. Society will be studied by us in the same way as our studying of human body by analyzing which specific systems are not working or working, problems were diagonised, and to restoring balance after devising solutions. Socialization, health care, religion, friendship, justice, recovery of economic, injustice, growth of population or decline, romantic relationships, community, marriage, peace, and divorce, and abnormal and normal family experiences were the few evidences of the processes of functionalism in our society The next sociological theory is conflict theory which will be useful in the poverty and wealth, understanding of war, the have-nots and the haves, political strife, revolutions, divorce, exploitation, discrimination, ghettos, and prejudice, rape, domestic violence, slavery, child abuse, and so on. The conflict theory examines that the society is in the state of competition and perpetual conflict for the limited resources. The final sociological theory on family is interactionism. The interactionism is also known as symbolic interactionism. The theory of interactionism is based on the building the social behaviour of the individuals that the society will come out and the society will be ultimately created, changed, and maintained by the social interaction of the members of the family. The Symbolic Interactionism is considered as very powerful for helping people to understand well each other. Roommates, newlyweds, lifelong friends, teammates, young adult children and their parents can be able to use the principles, can walk a mile by wearing the shoes of others, seeing the world by wearing others glasses, or simply getting it. The major realizations that came with Symbolic Interactionism is that we were beginning to understand the people in our life and know that they are neither wrong nor right, at their different point of view. The conflict theories will focus mainly on social inequality and conflict. It also includes feminism. The Feminism focused on inequality of gender as which is the one form of inequality for social. The similarities of the above mentioned three theories are they explains about the how the interactions are done with the members of the family and how the society is functioning. The differences between the three theories are explained below. The functionalism theory is differs from the theory of conflict and theory of interactionism because the functionalism theory does not stress on conflict and power. The functionalism theory will only stresses on public consensus and shared values. There is a difference between the conflict theory and the functionalism. The functionalism theory examines that the family as a single unit but it does not take place in the conflict theory. Theories Affecting Approach To Sociological Changes To The Family The functionalism theory of the family are closely associated with Parsons and focuses on the social institution family and its relationship in the society. Parsons were arguing that the family will fulfil number of functions in the society but the two keys identified here are given below. The first one was the children socialisation of the appropriate values and norms for the society. When we focus on the North American culture, the Parsons theorised that the familys role were for ensuring the motivation and independence for achieving which was instilled in personalities of children. The second one is the function of the family which stabilises for the personality of adult through their marriage and serves as the antidote for the emotional strains and stresses of everyday life. The theory Parsons includes the gender differentiation roles in the family where each partner will be filling one of two some of opposing but the complementary functions. The characterisation of men were for fulfilling an instrumental role, but the womens have high nature of expressive so they provide the complement. Parsons was arguing that the expressive role is for women and in the end the primarily bond of expressive occurs between the mother and the children. The functionalism theories of the family are highly critical because they are providing little consideration of alternative family pathologies or family forms other than that it argues variations either inherently dysfunctional or fulfilling latent functions in broader of the society. Moreover, the functionalist theories will justifies the sexual division of labour, and ignores inherent of gender inequalities in structure of Parsons complementary roles. The sociological theory of interactionism had been associated with the theories of Mead, Goffman and Becker, and focused on phenomena of the small-scale that may constitute interactions of everyday in an attempt for understanding how individuals will understand and experience their world of social, and how the different people may come for sharing a common definition for reality. The conflict theory examines the social institution like family in different ways. The conflict theory has ensured the relationships of the family institution. Like the other social institutions of the society, the family institution does not have a stable as the members are having conflicts that are constant. When the members of a family takes regular conflicts that results about resources that are limited, power and interests may differ. Conflict theory will be applied to families for showing that families were not harmonious. The families will never be stable since they are struggling for dealing with the differences that take place among family members, conflict and change. Each sociological theories will affect the approach of social change on the selected institution like family. The social change regarding the family will be approached by the functionalism theory in which the education and technological advancement will be aided in understanding and promoting knowledge regarding the duties and roles should be applicable to each member of the social institution, family. The social change will results at the changes on roles and duties of various members of the family. Here, although a father remain as a family head, societal inequalities will lead to the changes of the familys social status. Sociological Theories Affect The Views Of Individuals Of The Family The Sociological theories affect the views of individuals who is the part of the social institution like Family. The social institution like family is viewed as the positive institution which is comprised of husband and a wife, the kids and the wife. It affects the family members having the tendency to form the deep social and psychological ties that acts as a support tool for them. It also affects the family when they are trying to get the benefit for the entire family. Each sociological theory affects the individual who is the part of the family. In conflict theory, the changes are inevitable and normal in every institution including the family institution. They are common in other relationships and family relationships of the society. So, family members must manage conflicts well for bringing change in the family institution. When managing the conflicts result in failure that will result the separation on the family. This situation occurs when the relationship become poor between the family members. Conflicts are considered as evidence in different areas of the social institution, family including marriage. The married couples are mostly not be able to control their conflicts and this causes hostility and anger and finally ending with divorce. The main goal of conflict theory helps for identifying the conflicts of the family and resolving those families making strengthen and stable in the family institution. In conflict theory, the family members were subordinated for the society. The conflict theory is very useful in understanding wealth, ghettos, war, poverty, rape, political strife, divorce, the have-nots and the haves, revolutions, exploitation, child abuse, prejudice and discrimination, domestic violence, slavery, and other social phenomena related to conflict.  Ã‚  The conflict Theory impacts that the society is in the state of competition and perpetual conflict for limited resources The theory of interactionism has the contact with the family institution because the interactionism theory is used for studying the interaction between the different members on the society. Based on the theory of interactionism, a family is nothing but a unit which is made up of personalities interaction. Communication, personalities, and roles play an important role in the social institution family. Communication acts as an important role with the interaction between different members of the family. The way the members of the family communicate it determines their interaction between them because members in the family will be tending to act based on the meaning attached to the words used for communication. The functionalism theory is based on the each part society that affects the society. In the side of family, the family may depends on the government for providing programs and school that helps to raise their children. The other example is how the families may rely on the schools for educating the children so that they can support and grow up their own families. In effect, the children had become as law abiding citizens and participated in the society. If the whole society provides the necessary tools for a child for surviving and educate those children, this will affect the whole society. Functionalism theory may rely on building the order of a society. If a society is not having any order, then it must something for regaining the order. For side of children, a child should seek for counseling when they are experiencing the deviant behaviour. Guidance and counseling are the way for the society which will try to regain the order. Thus, the every part of the society gets affected as a whole. Views Of Society Normally,  the American family is composed of two parents like mother and father, and they have a single or many children. With the family institution, the three theories of sociology like functionalism, conflict, and interactionism were experienced. Here it is explained how each theory will be applied to the institution family. These theories explains that a family is composed of husband, wife, and their five children. In functionalism theory, the children may require to offer the financial and emotional support for the family. For example, when in the case of parents were unemployed. In interactionism theory, the advancement of technological has been provided and an effective tool is determined for the awareness and knowledge concerning various social interactions. The conflict theory of the social institution like family affects the views of the members in the family for contexting the following conflicts disagreements as the two parties of conflicts may view each other in different way. These are about the theories affecting the views of society.    All the seven members of the family has individual responsibilities and roles to abide and for keeping family members lives in balance. The father of a family contributes financially for the bills and maintaining the disciplines of the children. The wife of a family contributes necessities of the financial for cleaning and cooking. The five children belong to the family institution were responsible for getting the assignments from school and should be done. They should also keep their own personal areas of the house in order and clean. Functionalism can be experienced in our home when all the family members plays their own part and taking good attitudes. If the functionalism is really experienced, there will be unity and peace in the home. Conclusion It was concluded that although the sociological theories were different, they had been helped in examining various effectiveness of behaviours of the society and that have been impacted the social institution family greatly. These theories had helped them to examine how the functioning of society is done and how they interacts with family members. More than this, the sociological theories had influenced social institutions of the society like families. The theory of conflict has been used for explaining the sources of the conflict about the society and how to deal and avoid them. The functionalism theory helped to understand how different parts in the family function and society are together brought to change and stability. The interactions theory explained about the social interactions of the society. The family mainly helps in socialization and reproduction on the society. Families are teaching their young children how they should behave based on their social norms and cultural beliefs. More than this, a family helps for controlling of sexual behaviours on the society and provision of status on social. The family has to function well and to avoiding affecting the other components of the society like economic, education, and health care.

The Shakespeare Room :: Essays Papers

The Shakespeare Room The Life of Shakespeare William Shakespeare was born in 1564 to John Shakespeare and his wife, Mary Arden. His father was weathly and held a number of municipal offices. Shakespeare received a good education, but he did not go to the university as many other writers of his time did. Some of these writers ridiculed him and his work because of this. One such example of this ridicule is a pamplet that was published in 1592 by Robert Greene, a famous playwright. In this pamphlet, Greene criticized Shakespeare and his work, a criticism that seems to come mostly from jealosy. When he was eighteen years old, Shakespeare married Ann Hathaway. Five months later, they had their first child, Suzanna. Two years later, they had twins, Hamnet and Judith. It is unknown when Shakespeare arrived in London. However, the pamphet published by Robert Greene indicates that he was in London by 1592. The following year, the theaters were closed down due to a plague. By 1594, the theaters were reopened, and they soon began to rise in popularity among the noble class who demanded a better quality theater experience. It was at this time that Shakespeare's theater company was formed. The company played at Henslowe's Rose Theatre until their lease ran out. They then moved across the river and built the new Globe Theater. Later on, in 1608, they moved into the Blackfriars Theatre where they began producing plays indoors. These plays were in an artificially lit environment, while the Globe Theater had been outdoors, and stage conditions allowed more scenery and a multitude of lighting effects. In 1596, John Shakespeare was granted a coat of arms. This entitled both he and William to be called by the title of "gentleman." In 1597, Shakespeare bought an estate at Stratford called New Place. He continued to acquire property in Stratford. He wrote his last play, The Tempest in 1611 and he died in 1616. Shakespeare's Plays Thirty-seven plays are usually attributed to Shakespeare and they are generally broken down into four categories: the histories, the comedies, the romances, and the tragedies. The Histories There are ten history plays in all and they tell the story of England from the fourteenth century through Henry VIII. They are: Henry VI, Parts I, II and III Henry IV, Parts I, and II Richard III King John Richard II Henry V Henry VIII

Critical Analysis of Early Childhood Pedagogy Article Essay

Argument stated that early childhood curriculum needs to be analyzed because the old curriculum was introduced by another culture. â€Å"Early childhood curriculum as defined by Haliwell is also called â€Å"cultural construction work† (Ashby, Grieshaber, p 127) and trading post between boundaries of culture, generations, and sexes (Ashby, Greishaber, p 128). † Consideration is given to the child centered education in order to answer the questions on what to be taught, who decides and who are the learners to develop childhood curriculum into â€Å"person-making† (p128). 2. Is the statement of the problem clear in the beginning to the end? The readings concluded that early education in the past did not respond to the changing circumstances (p. 139) makes it unclear since the circumstance of Australia is becoming a nation with multi-racial population contradict the point that traditional education in the past brought by European countries and the west did not respond to change. Statement is incoherent towards a universal outlook or people go through a phase of â€Å"inculturation â€Å"which if traced back came out from the west or European in origin. See more: how to write a critical analysis outline 3. Evidences that support the arguments which is leading to the conclusion. The argument is to consider the present trend with regards also to the so called child centered learning elaborated in the examples by the PCF (see pages 137-138). However, it did not provide other evidence on the effects of the child centered learning option which undermines classroom behavioral patterns or the teacher and pupil relationship. 4. Relevance of the evidence that support argument is it up to date? Moreover, it criticizes that the old or early childhood programs legitimated diverse cultural viewpoints (page 138). Evidence gathered to answer the question about who to teach and be thought and what should be taught was not very well implicated in the succeeding arguments although it discusses on the aboriginal culture of the nation. 5. Is there sufficient evidence to prove the case? Relevance? What is missing? The argument is to determine the best approach in the present childhood curriculum. However, there are no sufficient evidences if the past or the present trends are successful. 6. What (if any) would be a better order to present to strengthen the line of reasoning? The paper is to consider the methods of teaching early childhood education. What is missing are the comparative analysis or the pros and cons of both the early trend and the new trend which is child-centered. The argument discussed several avenues of conflict especially when culture, sex and generation gaps are examined. 7. Are there examples of flawed reasoning? Attempts to persuade the reader through an appeal to the emotions? Is evidence interpreted and used correctly? The reader is appealed to the emotion of seeking identity to a fast changing world and competencies in teaching (page 137-138). Article did not answer the question on how early childhood education should be taught in Australia. Further there is no conclusion for instance concluding that Child centered pedagogy must also become teacher focused.

Jaws Essay

Paragraph 1 Introduction: What is the film called: Jaws Who directed it: Steven Speilbeig What is it about: It is about a shark attack Where is it, when is it set: Amity Island New England, 4th July Why is it set 4th July: It is set on the 4th of July because on that date most Americans gather around and spend time with their famlies and go out to the beach will close then families can’t go to the beach. Paragraph 2 Music: Describe how the shark is connected to the music in the title sequence: You can almost visualize the deadly shark coming closer and closer as you hear the drum beating in the background getting faster and faster, louder and louder beating like a steadily-rising heart rate; ready to attack his prey. Give two other examples of how the music or silence is used to scare the audience or build tension: When the loud music plays it get exciting, but before the music start to being fast and loud its very low making it not as exciting but tension building, so the tension and excitment is good, and as it builds up get faster and faster the audience knows that something is going to happen gives it a dramtic effect. Paragraph 3 Camera techniques: Describe the second attack in detail and say how the camera was used to help build up tension and scare the audience:The second attack is when all the children are playing on the sea whilst there parents watch, sunbathing, on the beach and Brody is doing his job sat looking out for anything suspicious because of the previous attack. The shark then attacks the young boy. The camera angles build up tension because it goes beneath the water and makes it seem like it’s from the sharks’ point of view and when it was attacking it went from a distance so you could see all the people’s faces and just how exactly he was attacked.

Chronic Obstructive Lung Diseases (Copd) Essays

Chronic Obstructive Lung Diseases (Copd) Essays Chronic Obstructive Lung Diseases (Copd) Paper Chronic Obstructive Lung Diseases (Copd) Paper Chronic Obstructive Lung Diseases (Copd) Introduction: In this paper I am going to discuss Chronic Obstructive lung Diseases (COPDs) which is caused due to partial or complete obstruction by an increase in the resistance to air flow. Excluding tumor and foreign body, the obstructive disorders include: 1. Asthma 2. Emphysema 3. Chronic bronchitis 4. Bronchiectasis 5. Cystic fibrosis 6. Bronchiolitis However Emphysema and chronic bronchitis are the major obstructive pulmonary disorders. In all these diseases, the hall mark is a decreased expiratory flow rate (FEV1: FVC ratio) with either increased or normal total lung capacity. Methodology: In order to complete this paper I searched the internet for various sources, did extensive reading and compared various obstructive pulmonary diseases. Result: In Emphysema destruction of the terminal bronchioles occur leading to abnormal enlargement of air spaces. TYPES: It is classified according to the anatomic distribution of the lesion with in the acinus. a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Centriacinar: involves upper lobes of lung and apices, usually seen in male smokers along with chronic bronchitis. Bullae may rupture and lead to spontaneous pneumothorax. b.  Ã‚   Panacinar: Predominant in anterior margins of the lungs. It causes uniform destruction and enlargement of the air spaces. It is strongly associated with a-1 antitrypsin deficiency. c.  Ã‚   Paraseptal: involves distal acinus and pleura, in areas of fibrosis and scars. It may lead to spontaneous pneumothorax. d.  Ã‚   Irregular: occurs in cases of old scarred lung from TB, histoplasmosis etc.usually remains   symptom less[1]. Enphysema can be also be classified as 1.  Ã‚   COMPENSATORY EMPHYSEMA: it is a condition in which hyper inflated lungs are found as result of compensation, mostly due to loss of lung substance during unilateral pneumonectomy. 2.  Ã‚   SENIL E EMPHYSEMA: In this type lungs are expanded due to age. It is mostly asymptomatic with no destruction of walls. 3.   Ã‚  OBSTRUCTIVE INFLATION: This condition is due to a tumor or foreign body causing sub total obstruction resulting in lung expansion because of trapped air in the alveolar spaces. Emphysema is aggravated by smoking because smoke particles activate macrophages which in turn recruit neutrophils from the circulation, elastase an enzymes is released from neutrophils which further enhances macrophage elastase activity. An important role is played by free radicals released from activated neutrophils which inactivates a-1 antitrypsin by releasing oxidants. Morphology shows boggy and voluminous lungs. Microscopically air spaces are enlarged, rupture of their thin walls show Honey combing appearance. Capillaries are compressed and contain no blood. Chronic Bronchitis: Described as persistent cough with sputum for atleast 2 consecutive years for atleast 3months.The cause is usually chronic irritation of airways by the substances inhaled esp tobacoo smoke. Smoke illicit bronchitis by eliciting excess mucus secretion with hypertrophy of mucus glands, brochioloitis and metaplasia of bronchiolar epithelium. The injury initiated by smoke is further aggravated by secondary infections[2]. It usually occur in these forms: 1.  Ã‚   Simple chronic bronchitis: It is characterized by marked sputum production, mucoid in nature.The airflow is not obstructed . 2.  Ã‚   Chronic mucopurulent bronchitis: It is mostly after secondary infection followed by simple bronchitis. Sputum contains pus. 3.   Ã‚  Chronic asthmatic Bronchitis: Individuals with hypersensitive airways showing intermittent episodes of asthma and demonstrating chronic bronchitis. Morphology shows a.congestion and edema of mucous membranes of lung, b.hypertrophy of mucus glands, c.filling of air spaces by mucinous secretion, d.mucus plugs, imflamation and fibrosis in bronchioles, e. change of bronchiolar epithelium from columnar to squamous epithelium f. decreased number of cilia Clinical Features Of Copds: Early stage of disease   are asymptomatic because of pulmonary reserve function, later on, with the progression of disease, a wide variety   of symptoms are observed. The spectrum of disease are designated in two extremes, type A and type B. Mostly , features of both type A and type B are present in a single case[3]. Type A patients:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Present with chronic cough either dry or prductive of mucoid f sputum ; progressive dyspnea, and wheezing. They hyperventilate and often sit hunched forward (to bring accessory respirator muscles into action) with mouth open and nostrils dilated in an attempt to overcome the ventilatory difficulty. Their lungs are over inflated with increase anteroposterior diameter of the chest (â€Å"barrel chest†) and flattened diaphragm on chest xray. These patients successfully maintain oxygenation of the blood by hyperventilation. Patients with type A COPD are sometimes called â€Å"pink puffers†. Type B patients: Have marked chronic obstructive bronchitis and canno hyperventilate. There is decreased oxygenation of blood (cyanosis) and increased arterial carbon dioxide content. They also have pulmonary hypertension caused by changes in themicrovasculature of the lung parenchyma. This leads to right ventricular hypertrophy and failure (â€Å"cor pulmonale†), and peripheral edema due to right heart failure is a dominant clinical feature . Type B patients are sometimes called â€Å"blue bloaters† The correlation between these clinical types and pathologic changes is inexact. Type A patients frequently have dominant emphysematous changes while type B patients usually have dominant chronic obstructive bronchitis. Most patients however have varying mixtures of both pathological changes and clinical features. In type B patients with chronic hpercapnia (elevated) Pco2) , the respirator centre becomes insensitive to the Pco2 stimulus and is driven by the hypoxemia. Administration of oxygen in these patients can remove the respiratory centre drive and cause carbon dioxide retention and death (â€Å"carbon dioxide narcosis†)[4]. Pathogenesis The protease antiprotease hypothesis holds that destruction of alveolar walls in emphysema stems form and imbalance between proteases and their inhibitors in the lung. The evidence is as follows:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Individuals with a hereditary deficiency of the major protease inhibitor, alpha-I-antitrypsin, invariably develop emphysema, and at a younger age if they smoke.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pulmonary instillation of proteolytic enzymes, including neutrphil elastase, results in emphysema in experimental animals. EMPHYSEMA AND CHRONIC BRONCHITIS Predominant bronchitis Predominant Emphysema Age (yr) 40-45 50-75 Dyspnea Mild, late Severe, early Cough Early, copious sputum Late, scanty sputum Infections Common Occasional Respiratory insufficiencies Repeated Terminal Cor pulmonale Common Rare, terminal Airway resistance Increased Normal or slightly increased Elastic recoil Normal Low Chest radiograph Prominent vessels; large heart Hyperinflation, small heart Appearance Blue bloater Pink Puffer Conclusion:   COPD covers a broad spectrum of pulmonary diseases. One of the most important and preventable leading factor for COPDs is smoking. One should avoid smoking. Work Cited Page: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Quinn, Campion E. 100 Questions Answers About COPD. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Inc, 2005. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Currie, Graeme P. ABC of COPD. BMJ Books, 2006. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Schneider, Arthur S., Szanta Philip A.Pathology.Lippincott Willians Wilkins. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cotran, Ramzi S., Vinay Kumar, Tucker Collins. Pathologic Basis of Disease.W.B. Saunders Company. [1] Quinn, Campion E. 100 Questions Answers About COPD. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Inc, 2005, pp 65-89. [2] Currie, Graeme P. ABC of COPD. BMJ Books, 2006.pp10-35. [3]Schneider,Arthur S., Szanta Philip A.Pathology.Lippincott Willians Wilkins,pp 70-135. [4] Cotran , Ramzi S., Vinay Kumar, Tucker Collins.Pathologic Basis of Disease.W.B. Saunders Company ,pp 134-190.

Christianity in Medievel Times Essays

Christianity in Medievel Times Essays Christianity in Medievel Times Essay Christianity in Medievel Times Essay more true was the influence of the Catholic Church. The papacy was having more and more of an influence in olitical and military factors. To ensure that this political power would remain with the papacy, popes had to be seen as legitimate enforcers and rulers capable of taking command of armies and carry out acts of war. One important thing note is that when the Hundred Year started no kings were involved. It is also important to note that England won all the great battles, but it was France that ultimately won the war. Often popes used the so called theory of the Two Swords as an instrument against their enemies during the crusades. This theory connected both spiritual and emporal power propounded by Pope Gelasius I during the fifth century and in the twelfth century by Bernard of Clairvaux. Bernard believed that Gelasian decree meant that the temporal sword was wielded for the good of the Catholic Church and translated therefore in this way: Both swords, that is, the spiritual and the material, belong to the Church, however, the latter is to be drawn for the Church and the former by the Church. The Spiritual Sword should be drawn by the hand of the priest; the material sword by the hand of the knight, but clearly at the bidding of the priest and at the command of the emperor. Once again the influence of religious beliefs here was eminent in medieval times. Calls for crusading were prominent in the latter stages which gave Christian believers hope of attaining salvation with their personal efforts in the crusades. The cross became the official symbol of Christianity and therefore was used in leading the Christian crusaders into battle and also used by the priest and bishops to bless those going into battle. The impact that thoughts and ideas had on the Middle Ages is obvious. Spiritual and religious beliefs were dominant over physical force and oppression because eople kept there faith and believed in a higher authority. There were wars and power changed hands from the Pope to the King. Popes were not only seen as divine but also held on high and viewed as a force to be reckoned with in terms of military power and bargaining strategy. The marriage bond and the family unit were all controlled and examined by the church. These concepts and ancient philosophies have survived and been carried through the centuries. The Christian church has survived because of its ability to both control and adapt. It has adapted by ncorporating other rituals and traditions, especially those of pagan origin into its own as can clearly be seen in such holidays as Christmas and Easter. It control can also be seen its ability to bless and manipulate those in power. Christianity today has an ever growing following with over five hundred denominations and it main political and religious fgures are still seen as divine by most Christian believers. Bibliography Standard Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Confucious, last modified March 31 , 2013, accessed October 1, 2013, http://plato. stanford. du/entries/confucius/ Lansing, Carol nd Edward D. English, Editors. A Companion to the Medieval World Malden: Wiley- Blackwell Publishing Ltd. , 2009, Rist, Rebecca. The Papacy and Crusading in Europe, 1198-1245New York: contnuum Books, 2009 Norman Housley, Fighting for the Cross: Crusading to the Holy Land (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2008, 53-55. Bernard of Clairvaux, De consideratione, PL 182, col s 776-7. See Bernard of Clairvaux Five Books on Consideration. Advice to the Pope, trans. J. D. Anderson and E. T. Kennan (Kalamazoo, MI. 197), Book 4, 3. 7. P. 118. Luke 6:31, Holy Bible

The Origins of the Domesticated Grapevine

The Origins of the Domesticated Grapevine Domesticated grapevine (Vitis vinifera, sometimes called V. sativa) was one of the most important fruit species in the classic Mediterranean world, and it is the most important economic fruit species in the modern world today. As in the ancient past, sun-loving grapevines are today cultivated to produce fruits, which are eaten fresh (as table grapes) or dried (as raisins), and, most especially, to make wine, a drink of great economic, cultural, and symbolic value. The Vitis family consists of about 60 inter-fertile species that exist almost exclusively in the Northern Hemisphere: of those, V. vinifera is the only one extensively used in the global wine industry. Approximately 10,000 cultivars of V. vinifera exist today, although the market for wine production is dominated by only a handful of them. Cultivars are typically classified according to whether they produce wine grapes, table grapes, or raisins. Domestication History Most evidence indicates that V. vinifera was domesticated in Neolithic southwest Asia between ~6000–8000 years ago, from its wild ancestor V. vinifera spp. sylvestris, sometimes referred to as V. sylvestris. V. sylvestris, while quite rare in some locations, currently ranges between the Atlantic coast of Europe and the Himalayas. A second possible center of domestication is in Italy and the western Mediterranean, but so far the evidence for that is not conclusive. DNA studies suggest that one reason for the lack of clarity is the frequent occurrence in the past of purposeful or accidental cross-breeding of domestic and wild grapes. The earliest evidence for wine production- in the form of chemical residues inside pots- is from Iran at Hajji Firuz Tepe in the northern Zagros mountains about 7400–7000 BP. Shulaveri-Gora in Georgia had residues dated to the 6th millennium BC. Seeds from what are believed to be domesticated grapes have been found in Areni Cave in southeastern Armenia, about 6000 BP, and Dikili Tash from northern Greece, 4450–4000 BCE. DNA from grape pips thought to be domesticated was recovered from Grotta della Serratura in southern Italy from levels dated to 4300–4000 cal BCE. In Sardinia, the earliest dated fragments come from the Late Bronze Age levels of the Nuragic culture settlement of Sa Osa, 1286–1115 cal BCE. Diffusion By about 5,000 years ago, grapevines were traded out to the western margin of the Fertile Crescent, the Jordan Valley, and Egypt. From there, the grape was spread throughout the Mediterranean basin by various Bronze Age and Classical societies. Recent genetic investigations suggest that at this distribution point, the domestic V. vinifera was crossed with local wild plants in the Mediterranean. According to the 1st century BCE Chinese historical record Shi Ji, grapevines found their way into East Asia in the late 2nd century BCE, when General Qian Zhang returned from the Fergana Basin of Uzbekistan between 138–119 BCE. Grapes were later brought to Changan (now Xian city) via the Silk Road. Archaeological evidence from the steppe society Yanghai Tombs indicates, however, that grapes were grown in the Turpan Basin (at the western edge of what is today China) by at least 300 BCE. The founding of Marseille (Massalia) about 600 BCE is thought to have been connected with grape cultivation, suggested by the presence of a large number of wine amphorae from its early days. There, Iron Age Celtic people bought large quantities of wine for feasting; but overall viticulture was slow-growing until, according to Pliny, retired members of the Roman legion moved to the Narbonnaisse region of France at the end of the 1st century BCE. These old soldiers grew grapes and mass-produced wine for their working colleagues and the urban lower classes. Differences Between Wild and Domestic Grapes The main difference between wild and domestic forms of grape is the wild forms ability to cross-pollinate: wild V. vinifera can self-pollinate, while domestic forms cannot, which allows farmers to control a plants genetic characteristics. The domestication process increased the size of bunches and berries, and the berrys sugar content as well. The end result was greater yields, more regular production, and better fermentation. Other elements, such as larger flowers and a wide range of berry colors- particularly white grapes- are believed to have been bred into the grape later in the Mediterranean region. None of these characteristics are identifiable archaeologically, of course: for that, we must rely on changes in grape seed (pips) size and shape and genetics. In general, wild grapes bear roundish pips with short stalks, while domestic varieties are more elongated, with long stalks. Researchers believe the change results from the fact that larger grapes have larger, more elongated pips. Some scholars suggest that when pip shape varies within a single context, that probably indicates viticulture in process. However, in general, using shape, size, and form is only successful if the seeds were not deformed by carbonization, water-logging, or mineralization. All of those processes are what allows grape pits to survive in archaeological contexts. Some computer visualization techniques have been used to examine pip shape, techniques which hold promise to resolve this issue. DNA Investigations and Specific Wines So far, DNA analysis doesnt really help either. It supports the existence of one and possibly two original domestication events, but so many deliberate crossings since then have blurred researchers ability to identify the origins. What does seem apparent is that cultivars were shared across wide distances, along with multiple events of vegetative propagation of specific genotypes throughout the wine-making world. Speculation is rampant in the non-scientific world about the origins of specific wines: but so far scientific support of those suggestions is rare. A few that are supported include the Mission cultivar in South America, which was introduced into South America by Spanish missionaries as seeds. Chardonnay is likely to have been the result of a medieval-period cross between Pinot Noir and Gouais Blanc that took place in Croatia. The Pinot name dates to the 14th century and might have been present as early as the Roman Empire. And Syrah/Shiraz, despite its name suggesting an Eastern origination, arose from French vineyards; as did Cabernet Sauvignon. Sources Bouby, Laurent, et al. Bioarchaeological Insights into the Process of Domestication of Grapevine (Vitis Vinifera L.) During Roman Times in Southern France. PLoS ONE 8.5 (2013): e63195. Print.Gismondi, Angelo, et al. Grapevine Carpological Remains Revealed the Existence of a Neolithic Domesticated Vitis Vinifera L. Specimen Containing Ancient DNA Partially Preserved in Modern Ecotypes. Journal of Archaeological Science 69.Supplement C (2016): 75-84. Print.Jiang, Hong-En, et al. Archaeobotanical Evidence of Plant Utilization in the Ancient Turpan of Xinjiang, China: A Case Study at the Shengjindian Cemetery. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 24.1 (2015): 165-77. Print.McGovern, Patrick E., et al. Beginnings of Viniculture in France. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110.25 (2013): 10147-52. Print.Orrà ¹, Martino, et al. Morphological Characterisation of Vitis Vinifera L. Seeds by Image Analysis and Comparison with Archaeological Remains . Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 22.3 (2013): 231-42. Print. Pagnoux, Clà ©mence, et al. Inferring the Agrobiodiversity of Vitis Vinifera L. (Grapevine) in Ancient Greece by Comparative Shape Analysis of Archaeological and Modern Seeds. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 24.1 (2015): 75-84. Print.Ucchesu, Mariano, et al. Predictive Method for Correct Identification of Archaeological Charred Grape Seeds: Support for Advances in Knowledge of Grape Domestication Process. PLOS ONE 11.2 (2016): e0149814. Print.Ucchesu, Mariano, et al. Earliest Evidence of a Primitive Cultivar of Vitis Vinifera L. During the Bronze Age in Sardinia (Italy). Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 24.5 (2015): 587-600. Print.Wales, Nathan, et al. The Limits and Potential of Paleogenomic Techniques for Reconstructing Grapevine Domestication. Journal of Archaeological Science 72.Supplement C (2016): 57-70. Print.Zhou, Yongfeng, et al. Evolutionary Genomics of Grape (Vitis Vinifera Ssp. Vinifera) Domestication. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114.44 (2017 ): 11715-20. Print.

Obesity in America Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Obesity in America - Annotated Bibliography Example This essay looks into some of the sources on the topic on obesity in America. Braun, M. (2012, September 18). Most Americans May Be Obese by 2030, Report Warns. ABC News. Retrieved November 3, 2012 from http://abcnews.go.com/Health/americans- obese-2030- report- warns/story?id=17260134 This website discloses obesity trends in the US and how it influences the economic conditions. This presents an interesting perspective to the topic and is a captivating area of inquiry. According to the article, over 50 percent of the US population could be obese by 2030. This could result into a drastic increase in the health cots from $18 billion to $66 billion annually and this cripple the health care system. The article however notes that this situation could be averted. This article is highly valuable in my research as it provides a way forward. It states that if individuals reduced their BMI by a slight 5 percent, a considerable number of individuals could be saved from obesity and related conditions and as a result health care costs could be reduced. Programs must be implemented an establishing a healthy environment for the young increase the chances of them growing up as healthy adults. In a nutshell, the article proposes an achievable goal. This article is highly important when handling the issue on how to control obesity in the population. It discusses the treatment approaches, lifestyle modifications, assessments, goals, pharmacotherapy and bariatric surgery. Normal behavior therapy is made up of behavior therapy, physical activity and a diet aspect. The article underscores the benefits of setting down lifestyle modification together with bariatric surgery and pharmacotherapy to attain the full benefits. The article was significant in my research as it underpinned the increasing numbers of the condition and the role played by health care

Bibliography Annotated Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Annotated Bibliography Example In justifying this, the author expounds on how he jumped from profession to profession before settling on teaching as a profession at the end of the day. Additionally, the article asserts that education divides students according to performance. This is justified by the authors claim that teachers divide students through grading and ranking. The author also associates schools with laboratories of experimentation. According to him, schools teach children to behave as well as becoming servants. The author justifies this by expressing his belief that most teachers educate students instead of schooling them (689). The article also claims that education plays a very significant role in producing mediocre students. This is justified by the authors belief that education system in the U.S. denies children a chance of developing leadership skills. The points and arguments expressed in the article are defendable, most people in the world work in the fields that they do not like or enjoy. Howev er, the author of the article also made a great mistake in associating provision of education with production of mediocre students. The author, an average student from one of the schools in the U.S., uses the academic performance of children in the U.S. to criticize the U.S. academic system. He believes that the education system in the U.S. contribute significantly in the production of mediocre citizens. He expounds this by providing detailed information about the challenges he underwent together with his schoolmates while schooling. The author also details on how most teachers teach what they did not know. He justifies this by giving an example of a teacher who ensured they have read multiple books in order to complete the semester. He further claims that apart from many parents not following up the performance of their children at school, very few teachers worked hard with an aim of

Why does the author object to her son's decision to cohabitate rather Essay

Why does the author object to her son's decision to cohabitate rather than marry - Essay Example Her next argument is people opting for cohabitation have economic disadvantages. The absence of marriage document denies them the legal facilities and they are obliged to find costly housing options and are not entitled for the normal health benefits. The main issue is about the psychological imbalance. The stamp of cohabitating parents creates an identity problem for the grandchild. As the child grows up and when it comes to know about the reality of relationship between its father and mother, it will suffer from emotional distress and a sense of insecurity. Happiness of the parents alone is not important. The extended family also has the psychological necessity to share the happiness and will feel the sense of belonging when the marriage is legal. With the rigid stand of the son, Doe’s family is disappointed and feels disgraced. Cohabitation is the pointer to the inner cowardice of the individuals who have chosen to live together. One part of their calculative mind looks tow ards the exit door on an ongoing basis. The combustible younger generation does not understand what their societal responsibility is. Youngsters, who are fascinated with the idea of cohabitation, fail to appreciate what the true importance of marriage is. Marriage is harmony, togetherness, and willingness of the individuals to live under a common roof, though their secular goals may be different. It is to discover the unity of the souls, through diverse challenges of life. The rigidity of the younger generation, impacted by materialistic values, will lead to unpleasant consequences in the long run. Being a part of the family, one owes responsibility to its psychological well-being and it is the duty of the son not to create a sorry situation for the parents. Jane Doe laments, â€Å"Recently, I heard him refer to her as his girlfriend. I cannot believe that that description will be endearing to their son when he is able to understand,† is

Effect of Unethical Behavior Article Analysis Essay

Effect of Unethical Behavior Article Analysis - Essay Example ituations are critical to be accurately identified and resolved to avoid any fraudulent activities like exploitation of financial statements, inside trading, kickbacks, etc by the companies and to make them abide by the accounting laws. As like modesty and ethics, obedience is also top of the list trait taught to younger generation by the elder ones. They are tamed to obey the authorities: parents in the beginning, later teachers and ultimately the Boss! One of the traps employees mostly fell into is â€Å"follow what your boss is saying†. They are pressured by the boss to behave in an un-ethical manner and tamper the numbers to overestimate company’s value. The most damaging trait found in many people, whether they are aware of it or not is the inability to work with patience and view any problem or judgment from different angles. They want definite answers and jump to conclusions based on the first thing that comes to their minds. Strict work conditions such as time stress, fatigue, and etc work as a fuel to fire. Under such circumstances the employees are at high risk of taking short cuts and behave unethically by ignoring and not fully analyzing the facts. Many a time’s exploitation of the financial facts is done in greed to gain benefits for the individual, company or for both. There might be some large percentage of shares involved for the individual from the benefit the company as a whole will receive because of the unethical activities. Where else sometimes, the employee has to â€Å"cook the books† out of his own interest as it’s for company’s benefit. In any case it is done as to gain benefit without pointing a gun at someone and without anyone getting hurt. The white collar nature of this crime makes it very tempting for individuals and companies. Over estimating company’s ROI (return over investment), Equity, Etc involves ample interest of company’s owners. This provides them with the opportunity to attract more investors to invest in

Norman Conquest of England Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Norman Conquest of England - Research Paper Example Cnut had become the King of England in 1016 thereby returning Emma to her previous position. Emma’s Children however remained in Normandy where they awaited their return to England. They made several unsuccessful attempts to enter the nation with one attempt leading to the death of one of them, Alfred, in 1036. The last remaining son of Aethelred was recalled to England by his half brother Harthacnut, son of Cnut and Emma. However, Harthacnut died within a year and Edward took the throne becoming King of all England. Edward took Edith, daughter of the prominent Earl Godwin, as his wife bringing her family into a more dominant position. Earl Godwin had risen to power during King Cnut’s reign mainly due to his extensive wealth and his marriage to the King’s sister in law. The Earl had so much wealth that he became the most powerful earl of England. King Edward took several Norman advisers into his court and eventually named one of them, Bishop Robert, the Archbisho p of Canterbury against the wishes of his citizens who wanted one of Godwin’s kinsmen to take the position. Due to this act, Earl Godwin and his sons, Tostig and Harold, went into exile due to their fierce opposition of the King’s choices. The King faced a strong Godwinian alliance and due to this, he banished his wife from the court into a nunnery. Earl Godwin eventually returned to England and together with Flemish support, he was able to convince the King to get rid of the Norman influence and to take back his wife. King Edward and his wife were unable to bear children and thus he had no heir. He was thus required to find a successor in which the King made promises to several candidates including Edward, grandson of King Aethelred. The grandson... The paper tells that the Norman Invasion and the Battle of Hastings were very important events in English history. The Norman invasion brought with it many changes that acted as a turning point of English politics and Culture. King William attempts to maintain control on England forced several changes to the country that shaped the way it operated for a very long time. William attained control over the country by systematically confiscating land belonging to English landowners and giving it to his supporters or keeping it to himself. He confiscated all land and used his armies to ensure that all Englishmen were aware that he had complete dominion over all the lands. Williams also forced English women to marry Normans in order to control inheritance of land. The Norman invasion also led to English emigration. Many people fled the country due to the war and oppression and took refuge in neighboring countries such as Scotland and Ireland. This outflow of people led to the spread of Engl ish customs to other parts of Europe. The Invasion also led to the mixing of Norman and English cultures in Europe. Old English was displaced by the introduction of Anglo-Norman, a dialect of French. French words and names began being used in the country and soon were part of the English language. English grammatical structures were also heavily influences by the Norman influences leading to the development of a new dialect that eventually led to Middle English which eventually formed the modern language.

Using Nonlinear Programming and Queuing in Quantitative Decision Essay

Using Nonlinear Programming and Queuing in Quantitative Decision Making - Essay Example The subsection on Forecasting has a detailed discussion on forecasting techniques. The subsection on Queuing tackled different queuing systems. The subsections end with the author’s take on how managers can benefit from each model and how the particular methodology addresses actual real-world situations. Managers have the daunting task of making a multitude of decisions every day for the respective institutions that they head. Depending on the nature of the variables that a particular situation entails, some decisions are arrived at quite straightforwardly while others need to undergo a series of rigorous processes before they are made. Among these challenging yet indispensable methods are Nonlinear Programming, Decision Analysis, Forecasting, and Queuing. With Hillier and Hillier (2010) as its main reference, the subsections that follow will discuss these methods in detail. According to Feiring (1986), Linear Programming is a part of mathematical programming that deals with t he competent and effective allocation of limited resources to a number of known activities to obtain the desired goal, which, most commonly concerns maximizing profit or minimizing cost. It is linear in the sense that the criterion (objective function or index) and the constraints (operating rules) of the process can be expressed as linear formulas. When at least one of these formulas is nonlinear in nature, then Nonlinear Programming is used. As a result, while Linear Programming assumes a proportional relationship between activity levels and an overall measure of performance, Nonlinear Programming is used to model nonproportional relationships. The graph of a piecewise linear function consists of a sequence of connected line segments. Thus, the slope of the profit graph remains the same within each line segment but then decreases at the kink where the next line segment begins.

Norman Conquest of England Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Norman Conquest of England - Research Paper Example Cnut had become the King of England in 1016 thereby returning Emma to her previous position. Emma’s Children however remained in Normandy where they awaited their return to England. They made several unsuccessful attempts to enter the nation with one attempt leading to the death of one of them, Alfred, in 1036. The last remaining son of Aethelred was recalled to England by his half brother Harthacnut, son of Cnut and Emma. However, Harthacnut died within a year and Edward took the throne becoming King of all England. Edward took Edith, daughter of the prominent Earl Godwin, as his wife bringing her family into a more dominant position. Earl Godwin had risen to power during King Cnut’s reign mainly due to his extensive wealth and his marriage to the King’s sister in law. The Earl had so much wealth that he became the most powerful earl of England. King Edward took several Norman advisers into his court and eventually named one of them, Bishop Robert, the Archbisho p of Canterbury against the wishes of his citizens who wanted one of Godwin’s kinsmen to take the position. Due to this act, Earl Godwin and his sons, Tostig and Harold, went into exile due to their fierce opposition of the King’s choices. The King faced a strong Godwinian alliance and due to this, he banished his wife from the court into a nunnery. Earl Godwin eventually returned to England and together with Flemish support, he was able to convince the King to get rid of the Norman influence and to take back his wife. King Edward and his wife were unable to bear children and thus he had no heir. He was thus required to find a successor in which the King made promises to several candidates including Edward, grandson of King Aethelred. The grandson... The paper tells that the Norman Invasion and the Battle of Hastings were very important events in English history. The Norman invasion brought with it many changes that acted as a turning point of English politics and Culture. King William attempts to maintain control on England forced several changes to the country that shaped the way it operated for a very long time. William attained control over the country by systematically confiscating land belonging to English landowners and giving it to his supporters or keeping it to himself. He confiscated all land and used his armies to ensure that all Englishmen were aware that he had complete dominion over all the lands. Williams also forced English women to marry Normans in order to control inheritance of land. The Norman invasion also led to English emigration. Many people fled the country due to the war and oppression and took refuge in neighboring countries such as Scotland and Ireland. This outflow of people led to the spread of Engl ish customs to other parts of Europe. The Invasion also led to the mixing of Norman and English cultures in Europe. Old English was displaced by the introduction of Anglo-Norman, a dialect of French. French words and names began being used in the country and soon were part of the English language. English grammatical structures were also heavily influences by the Norman influences leading to the development of a new dialect that eventually led to Middle English which eventually formed the modern language.

My First Day in Mrsm Taiping Essay Example for Free

My First Day in Mrsm Taiping Essay My entire life change in a blink of an eye after I was accepted into MRSM. I was very happy and nervous. I never thought that I was accepted into MRSM Tiping because I’m apllying for MRSM Balik Pulau. I know nothing about this school. I knew that MRSM Taiping is a smart school after I step my legs here. I thought all MRSM are the same, the best. After the registration process settled, I went to check out my room. It was preety cool~ at that moment I started to feel full of grief as my parents would left me alone ? My dad and mom unpacked all my things. see more:paragraph on my first day at school Then, I secretly went to toilet and crying alone in the toilet without my parents knowledge~ Hahaha. That was so shameful when I thought about it again. I never told my parents about this. I cried a lot when I gave my parents goodbye. It took about half an hour for me to let my parents go. It was the hardest time for me as I’m very close to my family. I was being pampered by my dad and mom but that doesn’t mean I cannot managed myself. My dad said I have to leave my family because I want to success in my life. I would remember that words if I felt like I want to go back. After my parents leave, I went back to dorm and try to make friends. Then I have a conversation with Zai and we started being friend. I went to Dewan Selera for dinner. All the foods were nice. Eventhough it were not as good as my mom’s cooking, it’s still better than my former school food. It was seriously bad! Haha I think I was so cruel to say that words~ At first, I had a terrible homesick but all my friend can peace me up especially Zai and Afza. Thanks to them I still being here ? I think that’s all I can share with you guys. I hope I can perfome better here and prove to my friends that MRSM Taiping is the best.

Critical Social Work And Its Values Analysis Social Work Essay

Critical Social Work And Its Values Analysis Social Work Essay The essay analyses theories underpinning and key elements of critical social work and its values. An exploration of counselling as a form of social work practice and how it is influenced by the critical social work approach will be included. Examples from practice experience/ literature and the influence of inequalities, power and social divisions will be discussed. The views of service users and their contribution towards the practice will also be take into account in the essay. Payne (2005) traces social work in the UK back to the 19th century as a community and charitable activity to support the disadvantaged and poor. From the charitable and community origins it developed into a broader field. Jordan (2004) cited in Collins (2009) believes social work owes its origins to Christian morality than a commitment to social problems affecting individuals. Following the economic crisis in the UK in the 1970s due to escalating oil prices social issues like poor housing, unemployment, and poverty and homelessness social work shifted and broadened its focus and tried to address social issues and problems. Adams et al (2005). Adams et al (2009) mentions that in attempting to address social problems, disadvantage and inequalities social work practitioners have drawn knowledge and ideas from various disciplines such as sociology, psychology, philosophy and politics. From this multi-disciplinary knowledge base the underpinning ideology was anti oppressive principle which provides theoretical tools to understand intervene and respond to the complex experience of oppression. This means social work practitioners have a moral, ethical and legal responsibility to challenge inequalities and disadvantage (Payne 2005). Fook (2002) claims that critical practice can be traced and associated with radical social work in the 1960s-70s deriving ideas from Marxist theory. Marx analysed the capital society he lived in Germany and argued that the structures within society derived from the economy and the changes in the industrial revolution influenced some people to be more powerful and others not. Individuals were restrained by the demands of capitalism. Marx highlighted issues of class and class struggle where there is a struggle between powerful and powerless resulting in different societal classes. Those in power will seek to retain it mostly by exploitation of the powerless. Thompson (2006) affirms that society comprises of a diverse range of people in which social divisions emerge which in turn forms the societal structures which networks relationships, institutions and groupings. These groupings determine, control and regulate the distribution of power, privilege, status and opportunities resulting in social stratification and dimensions. From these groupings however it is important to mention that unfairness, inequality and oppression is witnessed in the group of people who are vulnerable and marginalised. Radical social work upheld the following themes: structural analysis of personal problems, ongoing social critique mainly focusing on oppressive ideas/practice and goals of self emancipation and social change. Parallel to these traditions empowering and anti-oppressive practice to participation in research and community work Adams et al (2005). Several key principles were shared from radical critiques to present critical social work which are: challenging dominant forces and oppression in all forms, a critique of positivist ideas and the need to challenge dominant constructed ways of knowing by developing other ways of knowing. This would be achieved through recognising that knowledge may reflect reality but may also be socially constructed through language and ideology. In order to create more/new knowledge self reflection and interaction are essential tools using communication processes Allan et al (2009). Moya et al (2009) believes that critical thinking was further enhanced by Marxism through academics from the Frankfurt School of Sociologists (Horkeimer (1979), Adorno and Horkeimer, (1979) and Marcuse (1964) from the 1920s/30s and Habermas (1984, 1987)s writing in the late twentieth century. The sociologists held that social interpretation was based on assumptions of a fixed social order mainly derived from religion, politics and social beliefs. When this order is rejected and challenged, sociologists believed that this would enhance knowledge of the environment which makes individuals more effective. Gerth and Mills (1948) and Durkeim (1972) cited in Harrington (2005) established that if we understand how social relationships work we would be able to achieve our objectives in society. This is how critical thinking in modernist way is about and it was termed modernism but has expanded and embraced other theories concerned with transformation and social change. Gray and Webb (2008) argue that critical theory is shifting from the Frankfurt school but at the same time it has not defined its critical base. Allan et al (2003); Fook (2002); Healey (2000) acknowledge that there is tension in defining critical theory as it comprises different theories, some argue that it is an umbrella term that encompasses a range of theories and approaches including Marxist, radical, feminist, anti-racist, anti-oppressive, anti-discriminatory, post colonial, critical constructivist and structural perspectives. This suggests that there are many theories although different they all try to understand the r elationship between an individual and society. Thus critical practice involves ones judgement in a reflective and diverse manner Adams et al (2009). Critical practice involves exploring different options in a situation or actions in judging the best way to address issues. The practitioner would review their ideas, perspectives and options of others before deciding a best way forward. This is underpinned by the fact of accepting change and continuity as practitioners encounter different situations and ideas. Payne et al (2005) further mentions that in order to fulfil the requirements of critical practice which include liberation and empowerment social workers need an open mind, reflective stance that encompasses diverse perspectives, experience and assumptions. This would result in acknowledging individual differences, equal opportunity and respect. Fook and Garner (2007) further identify three aspects of critical practice which are critical thinking, critical action and reflexivity as essential tools to apply when seeking social justice and change. From these theories we can trace the ideas of critical perspective and acknowledge that the powerless can influence policy, societal views and self emancipation from the oppressors. An example of theoretical development implemented by service users was the theorising of disability from the medicalised interpretation to social model of disability. This shift was championed by disabled peoples movements to express how they felt and were treated for more than a century. This shift and theory influenced societal attitudes, influenced policies and to some extent changed societal attitudes in UK and abroad. Abberley (1998); Barnes, (1998). Morris, (1993) supports this by mentioning that the disability movement has overhauled societal perceptions and upheld disabled peoples rights to live independently, promote anti discriminatory practice, fairness and equal opportunities. Systems theory is another major theoretical source underpinning social work. The theory emphasised that peoples existence is determined by the environment they live or grow in. It highlighted that peoples problems are a result of how they interact with their resource systems which are either formal or informal. The informal include friends, neighbours and colleagues. The formal include support groups/ social clubs and associations. The public/ societal include housing, hospitals, work and school which provide certain structure or particular function in society. The system theory encourages growth and provides a wider range of solutions to problems by identifying areas of improvement or needing improvement. However it is said not to be acknowledging power differences within society and with different roles Adams et al (2009). Coulshed and Orme, (1998) clarifies that the nature of diversity in society makes it difficult to be entirely dependent on one theory or approach. Different situ ations and different circumstances entail different approaches through reflective practices and perspectives. Harris and White (2009) further explored events and changes within the welfare state from administering to managing the welfare state. They observed that the Conservative 1979 -1997 and Labour 1997-2010 were influenced by neo-liberalist ideas. This idea upheld the belief that market was superior to the state and as such professionals including social workers were meant to implement competitive government policy and approaches to meet global standards. These changes affected the vulnerable people in society as well because managers had been given the powers to speak on their behalf. These changes, debates and contradictions have put social work practice into a contested dilemma profession although this definition states that Social work is a profession that promotes social change, problem solving in human relationships and the empowerment and liberation of people to enhance well-being. (International Federation of Social Workers, 2000 p1). Parton (1998) points out that the present political environment is dominantly global, modernized and authoritarian. As such policies are informed and regulated by market principles which prescribes and narrows professional boundaries which affects the rights of service users. In order to achieve their objectives social workers need to challenge and resist the authoritarian elements by employing critical practice. Fook (2002) articulate that critical social work practice should be concerned with promoting a society without domination, exploitation and oppression. In order to achieve these practitioners need to reflect, reconstruct, deconstruct and unpack more processes for change through careful negotiation within the dominant framework. Many critical social theorists have challenged the existence of a social order and have questioned social order as evidenced in the work of Habermas (1984, 1987) who distinguishes between the system and the life world which interact and sometimes conflict with each other. The system represents the structures like the government departments, transnational companies emerging from globalisation, ideas promoted by communicative reasoning, education and media. All these structures are relaying a world view through different reasoning. As such social work is not excluded as an agent of systematic managerialism in agencies Pease (2005). Fook (2002) and Gardner (2007) proposed alternative forms of critical theory which are feminism and post modernism. They focus on the understanding that the world reflects personal experience and social historical context. They argue that personal experience constructs and is constructed by the world we live in. They advocate to listening to peoples experiences (narratives) seriously and from these we can hear how they view and experience the world in different ways. Powell (2001) suggests that feminists maintain that the narration of experiences by individuals gives us a clue on how they construct the world and how they want to engage with their problems and situations. Thus postmodernists say there is an alternative way of viewing the world than what it seems to be. Post-modernity argue there is a different way of viewing the world and different ways to deal with societal problems hence critical social work seeks for different options and take the best way forward. Adams et al (2009) suggests that in order to seek the best way forward social workers are encouraged to adopt the eclectic approach which entails selecting crucial aspects from different theories and blend them together as one approach. Alternatively they can use different theories for different cases. This has an advantage of addressing inadequacies in particular theories as they compensate one another. However there are also limitations as to master different theories and selecting crucial aspects may be difficult. It might as well be difficult to select the appropriate theory to use in the first place. To overcome these limitations Epstein (1992) suggested that continuous reflection, agreement, debate and teamwork would encourage flexibility in complex issues. Milner and Obyrne (1998) propose that in trying to address social injustices and inequality social work uses a variety of skills and knowledge based on theory perspective and methodology. This empowers social workers to put in place intervention which is appropriate to individual circumstances. This intervention empowers social workers with skills to engage service users to bring positive outcomes. Banks (2001) holds that values are diverse, may overlap, can conflict and socially constructed. Traditional social work and critical social work values overlap and are based on Biestek 1961 and consist of the following: Individualism, non judgemental, self determination, purposeful expression and controlled emotional development. In post modernity terms these can be interpreted to promotion of social justice, emancipation, anti-oppressive, anti-discriminatory, empowerment, non judgemental and respect and dignity. Above all the language used may affect the way we interpret the world resulting in assumptions, overrepresentation or misrepresentation of issues and ideas, Adam et al (2009). Critical social work as discussed explores the best way forward to individuals problems and seeks to listen and engage with the individual to tell their story and work in partnership to find the best way forward. The limitation is critical social work is surrounded by external forces which are beyond it control, for example resources in the current economic climate globally and at home. It is also criticised as its values and origins are Eurocentric and do not represent universal circumstances as what seems to work in UK might not necessarily work in Afro/ Asian communities. For example the issue of confidentiality is valued and essential in UK and Europe whereas in Afro Asian cultures they value kinship support in times of distress. However they would not want anyone else outside the kinship clique to know about their situation. This brings interpretation problems to confidentiality Morley (2003). In order for all these theories to be implemented there should be contact with individuals in society who experience inequality and disadvantage. Furthermore it is also important to mention at this point that social work intervention and practice is broad and spreads into other disciplines. Group work, Counselling, Advocacy and Assessment are examples of different forms of practising social work. I will not focus on the broadness of disciplines but will focus on the aims of the essay which are to explore how the critical social work approach influences counselling. Counselling requires a lot of skills and approaches as it seeks to address and resolve individual dilemmas, decision making and resolving issues. According to Dryden (2004:40) cited in Adams et al (2009) counselling is described as principled relationship characteristics by the application of one or more psychological theories and a recognised set of communication skills, modified by experience, intuition and other interpersonal factors, to clients intimate concerns, problems or aspirations. Its predominant ethos is one of facilitation rather than of advice-giving or coercion. It may be of very brief or long duration, take place in an organisational or private practice setting and may or may not overlap with practical, medical and other matters of personal welfare. The Barclay report in the early 1980s mentioned that it was essential for social workers to engage in counselling as it helped to engage with individuals to help them manage their problems, worries and anxieties, Barclay Committee,(1982). This is no longer the situation today as noted by Brearley (1995) when he states that political, administrative, legislative changes and ideologies have affected the relationship between counselling and social work. Some social work practitioners are in dilemma as to whether they can do counselling or not and where to start with counselling and when to stop. Because social workers operate in a legislative, organisational, ideological, value and ethical context it is becoming increasingly difficult to engage in counselling without pushing boundaries, Furthermore the economic environment, budget cuts and lack of resources makes it difficult to manoeuvre and employ uncontested interventions McLeod (2009). However despite the above constraints social workers at some point carry out counselling as not carrying it out would render their job inadequate and inefficient. McLeod (1998) identified a number of counselling theories which are Person centred, Existential, Cognitive Behavioural (CBT), Motivational, Humanistic, Psychodynamic, Karpmans (1969) Drama triangle and Eclectic or Integrative approaches. Some of the theories have been criticised as inadequate and resource straining. One approach that is complimentary to social work is the eclectic/ integrative approach. Integrative theory is adaptable to the needs presented by the client or specific circumstances which is flexible and adoptable to client needs. McLeod (2003) supports this statement when he maintains that eclectic approach enables the counsellor to choose the best option and techniques from a range of theories to meet the client needs. It can mean employing different elements from different theories to blend them into a new suitable model or theory. These compliments with one of the social work theory of eclecticism which seeks to integrate different theories to intervene (Adams, 2009). It can be argued that the aims of social work and the aims of counselling are both focusing on individuals and their interaction with the society, problems they face and how they solve them. As Egan (2006) puts it and complimented by Coulshed and Orme (2006) social workers adopt skills that compliment counselling skills such as empathy or understanding, respect, self knowledge and acceptance and honest. Although there are criticisms on Egans work as being ignorant of psychodynamic ideas meaning it has limited application and effectiveness. A reflective practitioner would seek to promote social justice, anti -oppressive and anti-discriminatory practice based on knowledge to promote inclusive practice. Both professions are being challenged by increasing literature developing and need to engage in best, critical and anti discriminatory practice to reach all individuals and communities Morley (2003). My privilege in practice working with clients is that I have acquired knowledge and on values of social work issues and intervention. I also have a black African background which has some conflicting values to social work. I will focus on the social work values to overcome any prejudices and biases which may jeopardise my work. I also have the law on my side which would give me power to intervene and practice. In my experience as a caseworker at Refugee Action (RA) I used counselling as a technique to working with clients. Clients from different background accessed the service to resolve their immigration matters. Mostly the approach we used was the integrative approach which meant that the outcomes met the needs of individual circumstances. I did not allow my own values and prejudices to influence my practice. The advantage of having my own values and knowledge made it easy for me to overcome any prejudices and stereotypes towards my clients. As a person from an African background with different values from those of the British society, it was easy for me to understand how it is to be in the clients shoes. I also observed that Muslim women preferred to work with female caseworkers and male Muslims preferred male caseworkers. They appeared not comfortable working with people from the opposite sex and tended to withhold information if that was the case. I therefore ensured Muslim clients were assisted by a person of preferred gender. Above all I applied the Narrative approach which solicits encouragement to clients to tell their stories. This enabled me to explore clients situation at their own pace and actively listened to assess and establish the real problem in the situation. Carniola (2005) observed that social workers are in the right direction of developing critical consciousness about the psychological impact of oppression on individuals. He further expressed that there is concern on the degree of awareness among social workers on the impact of privilege or dominant status on individuals subjectivities and world views. Rossitter (2000) concurs that the position/ impact and ways in which professionals engage with clients is overlooked and underestimated as they possess a certain class in the form of gender, race, and sexual privilege. Having explored critical social work practice and theories underpinning it, it is important to acknowledge that there is continuous transformation and contest within the academic field and socio-political arena. This is greatly impacting on vulnerable people and how they are treated and marginalised in issues affecting their lives. If the values of critical social work could be fulfilled and the theories underpinning it are integrated social work and counselling would be forces for change to promote social justice.

The Poetry of Paz Essays -- Literary Analysis

Literature possesses a multitude of forms similar to poetry. It adheres to the human emotion as well as the human senses: sight, smell, taste, hearing and touch. Poems have the ability to express a story whether it be literal or metaphoric regardless of its length text wise. However, through the author’s use of imagery and diction, the reader is subject to envisioning and capturing the image purposefully being conveyed. In the eyes of renowned poet and essayist, including many other occupation titles, Octavio Paz states, â€Å"words refer to another word† (6), therefore stories are independent to their length. Based on Paz’s past history it is evident that he incorporates his experiences as the basis of the structure of his poems and stories. Paz had two fatherly figures beside him as her grew up and writing became almost natural to him. Paz’s father was a journalist as well as a supporter of the Mexican Revolution. Paz’s grandfather was a novelist and a publisher, so evidently writing was in his gene pool. Through their work it is evident that Paz possessed more than enough knowledge about what to incorporate in his own literary works because Paz learned how to write passionately about what he believed in. In the year, 1944, he had earned the opportunity and obtained the Guggenheim fellowship in which he began living in New York and San Francisco. As a result he broadened his knowledge of North American poetry initiating his reflections on Mexico and the underdevelopment from the vantage point of overdevelopment. Paz lived in the village, Mixcoac, in Mexico City which had been impoverished by both civil war and the revolution. Paz remains loyal to his heritage and from time to time includes it in his work s uch as his poem â€Å"Return†. ... ...lity to respect it. His writing speaks to the reader on a higher note, consistently sticking to one theme. Works Cited 1. Academy of American Poets. "Octavio Paz- Poets.org - Poetry, Poems, Bios & More." Poets.org. Academy of American Poets, 1997. Web. 26 Mar. 2012. . 2. "Octavio Paz - Biography". Nobelprize.org. 26 Mar 2012 http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1990/paz-bio.html 3. Bloom, Harold. Octavio Paz. Philadelphia, PA: Chelsea House, 2002. 4. Paz, Octavio. Alternating Current. New York: Viking, 1973. 5. Paz, Octavio, and Eliot Weinberger. The Collected Poems of Octavio Paz, 1957-1987. New York: New Directions, 1991. 6. Paz, Octavio, Eliot Weinberger, and G. Aroul. Selected Poems. New York: New Directions, 1984. 7. Rahman, Shaifur. European Time. Kindle ed. Amazon.com, 2010.

biography of Arthur Ashe jr. :: essays research papers

Arthur Robert Ashe Jr. is a man of trust, courage, grace and honor. Although many of these attriobutes I share with Arthur, his high level of moral values and self reliance I aspire to achieve. Arthur was of African American decent and being born on July 10, 1943 in Richmond, Virginia he had to face many racial struggles and hardships. On the contrary, I was born and raised in somerset, New Jersey, in the 1990’s so my racial struggles were close to non-existent. Being of Italian- American decent, if I had lived in the time of Arthur Ashe I still would not have faced racial struggles as greatly as African Americans did in that time. Arthur was the first born just as I was, except he was the first and only while I on the other hand have three siblings. We were both born into extremely loving and caring families. Arthur was raised by extremely strict parents and was not even allowed to go out after school or hang out with friends as I do occasionally. His father just like my parents set goals for self-reliance, discipline and responsibility. Because of those goals Arthur began to take great pride in his reputation. I also feel as if I’m always being judged. We have both been called â€Å"quiet† people but Arthur eventually grows out of that and my parents tell me I’m beginning to do the same. Both of our parents, to our displeasure, force us to do our numerous chores before anything else. The difference lies within the punishment for disobeying our parents wishes. The so called â€Å"beatings† that Arthur received in his time were nothing unordinary yet if those beatings were to occur t oday they would be seen as wrong and inhumane. Despite the differences we share many similar diversions such as good quality time with our families. Arthur was known to spend countless hours reading and listening to music with his mom. Yet at the age of 6 Arthur had to face one of the most traumatic expierences of his life when he lost his mother, Matti Ashe, to a fatal case of toxemia while in labor. Similar to this experience I lost my grandfather at the age of five. Although I was impacted greatly it was not a loss as great as Arthurs loss of a loving mother. I Can recall the day it happened just as well as Arthur recalled the details of when he last saw his mother.

Irrational and Rational Decision Making

What is irrational and rational decision making? Well first to understand what each on is individually, I believe that you should know what each word means separately. So according to meriam-webster. com, rational means, â€Å"having reason or understanding† (Rational, 2009) while irrational means, â€Å"not endowed with reason or understanding. † (Irrational, 2009). Lastly but not least, from the Encarta. msn. com/dictionary, decision making, is â€Å"the process of making choices or reaching conclusions, especially on important political or business matters. † So what do all those definitions mean to you? To me, by these definitions, rational decision making is when a person has reason or understanding in reaching a certain conclusion and just the opposite of that is irrational decision making, when a person is not able to come to a conclusion without reason or understanding. The differences are clearly stated, such as not having any reasons. versus having a reason for a conclusion For example, if the tiles are muddy, the most rational thing to do is to mop the tiles. Your reason is that the tiles are muddy. I think that an irrational thing for a person to do is to sweep the tiles. If there is mud on tiles, it’s not the same as having sand on the tiles. The mud is wet therefore you would use a mop instead of a broom. With the broom, you could pick up dry particles such as sand. It would just make more sense, rather than using a broom to sweep mud when all you will be doing is pushing around something that is wet. Decision that was Once Reviewed to be â€Å"Rational† but Now is â€Å"Irrational† Back in the early 1700 and 1800’s, arranged marriages were part of the traditional and cultural beliefs that many families went through. Though arranged marriages happened in the United States, it was most likely to take place in the Southern States. Now, in the present day, though arranged marriages still happen in some cultures around the world, it is an irrational decision. (Decision, 2008) Explanation why it Would be Considered â€Å"Irrational† Today It was considered to be rational back then because it â€Å"was the thought to keep the blood lineage of an aristocratic family line to stay pure. † In order to make marriage agreements, there is sometimes certain business arrangements that were involved. Things such as, land, money, property, and or social status were used in order to make a marriage, other than what we presently do, which is to fall in love with a person. Now, in the present, most have the ability to choose the person they want to marry. (Arranged, n. d. ) Decision Theory Used I think the decision theory that was used in the original decision making is Satisficing. â€Å"The theory postulates that decision makers compare these calculations and choose the course of action that maximizes expected utility. (Plous, 1993). In the earlier years, parents of children, made the decision to arrange their future marriages in hopes of receiving or being able to make a deal with another family. They chose a path in their lives which would then satisfy their needs and wants. When doing so, their choice is far from being actually favorable. Instead of being able to marry someone you love and of your choice, back then, there were no opinions whether or not a person wanted to marry another. It was like you were born in order for the option of your parents to be able to make a deal with another family, just to get something out of having a child. Because arranged marriage is what was ideal for certain cultures, it turned into a custom that children soon taught their children and so on. Just because you were taught and brought up learning something, doesn’t necessarily mean that it’s always favorable for both you and your parents. To your parents, it could mean getting money, or being richer in a way, and to you, it could mean having nothing at all, no option. You are just put in a situation where you, as a child had no say in. References Arranged Marriage. (n. d. ). Retrieved February 18, 2009, from http://www. youth information. com/Templates/Internal. sp? NodeID=90221 Decision Making. (2008). Retrieved February 18, 2009, from http://encarta. msn. com/ dictionary_1861688906/decision-making. html Irrational. (2009). Retrieved February 18, 2009, from http://www. merriamwebster. com/dictionary/irrational Rational. (2009). Retrieved February 18, 2009, from http://www. merriamwebster. com/dictionary /rational Plous, S. (1993). The psychology of judgment & decision making, New York, McGraw Hill The History of Arranged Marriages in America. (2008). Retrieved February 18, 2009, from http://www. associatedcontent. com/article/787875/the_history_of_arranged

Domestic violence in mature women in the United Kingdom A review of the literature

Abstract Domestic violence (DV) impacts considerably on the long-term health and emotional wellbeing of affected individuals. Although the literature offers some insight into the span and nature of domestic abuse amongst the mature population in the UK, at present there is little obtainable data concerning DV in mature women specifically. This gap in knowledge is increasingly being recognised as a major shortfall in knowledge and understanding in society, especially for those responsible for the support and care of victims. Although the research in this area is limited, the work already done to date suggests that matured women’s experiences of DV are markedly different from those experienced by younger people and that these differences have not been sufficiently acknowledged. For example, mature women have different barriers that stop them reporting abuse, such as physical limitations due to older age. As the ageing population in the UK increases, national policy initiatives have started to recognise DV as a national issue for mature women. It is essential that healthcare professionals are able to identify DV and understand the exact experiences and needs of mature women that are affected by DV in order to prevent future incidents and better empower women in violent relationships. The aim of this literature review therefore is threefold: (a) to present a complete review of the impact of DV on matured women mainly within the framework of health, (b) to explore particular barriers in recognizing and reporting DV and (c) to emphasize the gaps in our awareness and understanding from a policy and care provision viewpoint. A systematic approach to a review of the literature was used to identify key literature and available evidence relating to DV among mature women. Introduction The Department of Health (2000) has defined DV as â€Å"a continuum of behaviour ranging from verbal abuse, through coercion and bullying, controlling behaviour, physical and sexual attack, to rape and even killing.†DV can take many forms. The most common of these include physical, sexual, verbal and financial abuse (Women’s Aid, 2007). Physical abuse typically involves any kind of physical harm such as pushing, kicking or the use of a weapon against another individual. Sexual abuse includes using force or threats to pressure a partner into unwanted sexual acts, whilst verbal abuse includes more psychological elements such as persistently attacking a partner’s self esteem through name calling. Financial abuse usually involves withholding money from a partner or forcibly taking over a partner’s assets or financial accounts (Women’s Aid, 2007). In 2012, 1.2 million women suffered from DV (Home Office, 2013). However, fewer than 1 in 4 individuals who suffer from DV will report this (Home Office, 2013) and therefore the estimation of DV in the UK is likely to be grossly underestimated. Thirty-one percent of the funding to DV charities from local authorities was cut between 2010/11 to 2011/12, a reduction from ?7.8 million to ?5.4 million (data obtained using Freedom of Information Act requests by the False Economy project, and analysed by the research team). The National Violence against Women Survey (NVAWS) states that about 1.5 million women are raped or physically assaulted by an intimate partner yearly (Tjaden & Thoennes, 2000). The Bureau of Justice Statistics Crime Data Brief, which measured only physical assaults, concluded that â€Å"there were 691,710 nonfatal violent victimizations committed by current or former spouses, boyfriends, or girlfriends against victims during 2001(Rennison, and Planty, 2003). Of these c ases, 85% were against women (Rennison and Planty, 2003). The NVAWS also found that 22.1% of women surveyed, compared to 7.4 percent of men, and reported being physically assaulted by a current or former partner in their lifetime (Rennison and Planty, 2003). In the United Kingdom, national policy has started to identify DV as a concern for mature women. Subsequently, the Government has put policies in place so that healthcare and social professionals are able to identify cases of DV. For example, funding of nearly ?40 million has been allocated to specialist support services and help-lines until 2015 and the piloting of a domestic violence disclosure scheme that gives individuals the right to ask about any violent criminal offences carried out by a new partner (Home Office, 2013). An estimated 27,900 women have had to be turned away by the first refuge service that they approached in the last year because there was no space, according to new figures from Women’s Aid (2012). These figures demonstrate that services are under some strain to deal with the large amount of DV cases in the UK. Prolonged episodes of DV can result in the development of mental health problems such as depression, panic attacks and mental breakdown (Roberts et al., 1998; Astbury et al., 2000). . Women often find it difficult and challenging to communicate about the psychological abuse they suffer during DV and often prefer to suffer in silence than complain about it (Home Office, 2013). This may have resulted in creating a barrier to finding data on mature victims of domestic violence. Abused women are three and a half times more likely to be suicidal than non-abused women (Golding, 1999). Furthermore, the World Health Organization (WHO, 2005) indicates that domestic violence puts women at risk from a range of negative health outcomes such as physical injury, mental health problems, sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV and AIDS, unwanted pregnancies, depression, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, emotional distress, fatigue, sleeping and eating disorders and general fear. There are a wide range of social factors thought to contribute the high occurrence of DV against women in the UK. These factors include some religious and political practices that undermine women (Walker, 1999). Factors such as financial hardship. a lack of resources, educational shortcomings, extreme alcohol consumption, high levels of jealousy, belonging to a large family and substance abuse have also all been linked with the rising risk of domestic violence (Martin et al., 1999). Furthermore, in comparison to their younger female counterparts, mature women may have a limited understanding of the term abuse as a result of their older generation (Zink et al., 2003). For example, DV may have not been considered as a criminal offence when they were growing up and feminist movements were generally unheard of. Despite figures showing that DV against mature women is rising considerably the UK, the government is considering serious funding cuts for crime prevention programs as well as staff cutting plans including over 50, 000 job cuts in the ‘National Health Service’ (NHS) over the next 10 year period (Scripps, 2013). In light of these cuts, this research aims to study the relationship between DV and the prevention programs that have been designed to tackle this crime. In particular, a counsellors’ perspective will be adopted and the challenged that counsellors face in the light of budget constraints will also be explored. Using an extensive review of the literature, the following sections provide a brief overview of the various aspects pertaining to DV and its psychological influence. The review will conclude with a discussion of government interventions and policy recommendations. This review will evaluate and critique the available literature pertaining to DV including an assessment of the historical evolution of DV as a general concern for mature women, theoretical explanations of DV and consideration of the significance of gender. This underpinning process will be used as a basis for examining the impact of DV against mature women (39 years old and above). It will also look at the value and effectiveness of current resources, initiatives, and support networks used to tackle DV and assist victims. This review will illustrate that DV in mature women is a complex and multifaceted subject. Definition of Terms For the purpose of this review, the following terms shall be defined as follows: Domestic violence: The term domestic violence is defined as a physical type of abuse carried out by an individual directly towards their significant other previously or currently, through the use of violence. The intent of the abuse is to somewhat establish and maintain a sense of dominion and control over another person, and is depicted in a context of uneven authority or entitlement. This therefore increases the likelihood of inflicting harm to both the physical and emotional welfare of that individual. Well-being: According to Ryan and Deci (2001), the term ‘well-being’ refers to the full spectrum of people’s emotional experiences and to their quality of life. Mature women: Mature women would be defined as those persons aged 39 years and above. Health: This is a state of physical and mental well-being, and thus not necessarily means the absence of symptoms, illness and morbidity (WHO, 2004b). Quality of life: This is an ‘individuals’ understanding of his or her status in life, in relation to the culture and value system of society, viewed against their personal goals, standard, and expectations in life (The WHOQOL Group, 1995). Qualitative Study: Qualitative studies are exploratory and are particularly well suited to social research. Cresswell (1998) defines a qualitative study as â€Å"an inquiry process of understanding a social or human problem, based on building a complex, holistic picture, formed with words, reporting detailed views of informants conducted in a natural setting.† Typical data gathering tools employed in a qualitative research design include observation, interviews, video documentaries, and focus groups. Quantitative Study: Quantitative studies measure information in numbers using a set of pre-defined variables as the focus of the study. Using the definition given by Cresswell (1998), it â€Å"is an inquiry into a social or human problem, based on testing a theory composed of variables, measured with numbers, and analyzed with statistical procedures, in order to determine whether the predictive generalizations of the theory holds true.† Data collection methods typically include questionnaires, standardized tests and codified forms. Scope and Objectives The main objective of this research was to increase awareness of DV against mature women and to improve the standard and efficacy of the care that is provided to the victims. The researcher’s experience in looking after this group of victims has been challenging and may have been much improved if their experiences and needs were better understood. This piece of research aimed to: Carry out a literature review of DV in mature women. Identify how the government and society in general support victims of domestic violence in recovery. Identify the counsellor’s role while caring for victims of DV. To provide an opportunity for mature women to speak of their experiences in order to highlight their experiences and to develop resources to support and inform mature women (Mears, 2002). To explore the prevalence of physical and verbal abuse among the study population (Mouton at el, 2004). This research will use a positivist approach, focusing on the dilemma a mature victim of DV often faces and the importance of the therapeutic relationship they hold with their counsellor. This approach focuses on gaining â€Å"positive† evidence from observable experience, rather than depending on intuition or assumptions on behalf of researchers. In particular, this approach believes that there are general patterns of cause-and-effect and that these can be used to predict natural phenomena such as DV. Research Methodology This dissertation will use review the literature and contain analysis of secondary data and the summarising of the literature’s findings on the topic of DV in mature women. Procedure This piece of research used a literature review to gather data on the topic of DV amongst mature women in the UK and beyond. The following key terms and words were used in various academic search engines including Web of Knowledge (http://wok.mimas.ac.uk/), Science Direct (www.sciencedirect.com) and PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed): Domestic violence AND mature women. Domestic abuse AND mature women. Domestic violence AND women. Due to a limit in the number of articles generated using these search terms, no exclusionary criteria were applied. Literature review This is a secondary review research project involving an extensive literature review on the topic of DV and its impact and effects on mature women. The material for this review was obtained from peer reviewed psychological and counselling journals, which were accessed through online journal databases such as PUBMED and CINAHL. Governmental reports such as those published by the Department of Health (2000), BACP (2000), World Health Organisation (WHO, 2004) and technical reports from scientific research groups and working papers from social welfare committees were also used within the research. This review adopted the â€Å"best evidence synthesis† method proposed by Franche et al. (2005). This method involves summarizing the literature and drawing up conclusions, based on the balance of evidence. Epidemiology and Economic Impact Domestic violence among mature women is a pressing national problem. As a recent report from the World Health Organisation (WHO, 2004) indicates, domestic violence against mature women has increased five-fold resulting in increased depression, physical ill health, psychological effects and other mental health disorders (Scripps, 2013). In addition to the huge impact DV has on women, there is also a large economic cost. The Centre for Mental Health (2010) has reported an annual loss to the tune of ?30.3 billion due to mental health problems suffered by abused women, with over two thirds of this amount accounting for lost productivity within the workplace. Mental ill health which may be the result of DV has been identified as the primary reason for ‘incapacity benefit payment’ and over 43% of the 2.6 million individuals presently on long-term ‘health-related benefits’ present with psychosocial behavioural disorder as their primary condition (Department of Work and Pensions, 2010). DV can also have a direct negative impact on witnesses. Hewitt (2002) claims that almost 90% of DV occurrences are witnessed either directly or indirectly by children. Furthermore, the British government have stated that women can be distressed by witnessing DV carried out against other women (Hewitt, 2002). The literature also reveals differences in the prevalence of DV between younger and older women. For example, mature women are two to three times more likely to report minor physical attacks such as been pushed grabbed roughly and shoving than men (Tjaden & Thoennes, 1998). It has also been found that women are 7 to 14 times more likely than men to report serious physical attacks of DV that include having been strangled, threatened with weapons or use of weapons (Tjaden & Thoennes, 1998). Barriers to Accessing Care The literature search highlighted a number of key differences between the experiences of younger and mature women when it comes to DV. For example, unlike younger women, older women may be even less aware of the services available to those experiencing DV. For example, Scott et al. (2004) reported that there is a widespread myth among service providers and women themselves that Women’s Aid and other DV services prioritise younger women and younger women with children. Friedman et al. (1992) have postulated that abused mature women volunteer to share their uncertainties and concern to their health practitioners the majority of the time. Those women that do not share their concerns may not do so because of pride or shame. The other reason that mature women do not disclose DV is a fear of being judged by society and this has been challenged during the research as well as shortage of theoretical clarity concerning this matter since the majority of affected women were embarrassed to put across what they are facing and this has made data collection challenging. Zink et al. (2003) investigated the reasons for staying in an abusive relationship in women aged over 55 years. It was found that reasons could be divided into three categories: cohort effects, which included reasons such as lacking education or job skills, period effects such as rejection from help services or difficulty accessing services, and aging effects, which related to the physical limitations that their age can cause. These results suggest that although mature women experience similar barriers to leaving abusive relationships such as a lack of faith in their ability to find employment and support themselves, there are also barriers unique to mature women such as worries regarding their physical strength. Therefore, health workers and counsellors must be privy to these differences in order to improve the level of care and support that mature victims of DV receive. Theoretical Concepts There are a number of different theories that make be used to explain how DV comes about and what motivates its perpetrators.. For example, the social exchange theory (Emerson, 1976) offers a foundation for law enforcement and the prosecution of offenders. Furthermore, this assists in helping to explain how children who observe abuse mostly grow up to be abusers themselves. In contrast, a feminist approach may provide support for interventions targeted at supporting perpetrators to improve their behaviour and helping to empower victims. However, looking at these theories they do not appear to provide an inclusive foundation and a comprehensive approach for dealing with the various underlying outcomes or scope of DV. The more integrated ecological framework theory (see for example, Heise, 1998) is the one that appears to provide the required basis for an inclusive approach. The ecological framework theory has been used to conceptualise DV as a multi-faceted and complex phenomenon tha t has its foundations in a multitude of different factors including those of a situational and socio-cultural foundation (Heise, 1998). Unlike other theories, this theory is not reductionist and acknowledges that DV can be the result of many different factors. Discussion This researcher sought to increase knowledge and understanding regarding DV against older women by allowing older women themselves to speak out about how they define domestic violence; their views about causes, reporting, interventions, and consequences for perpetrators; factors that deter or prevent help-seeking from the justice system and community agencies; and elements of outreach and intervention strategies they see as acceptable and/or desirable. Results and Conclusions: Two important constructs that emerged were Domestic Abuse (DA), which encompasses emotional, physical, and sexual abuse, and Barriers to Help-Seeking (BHS), which appears to be closely related to the experience of victimization. In addition, eleven sub-concepts emerged from the data. Seven of these, Isolation, Jealousy, Intimidation, Protecting Family, Self-Blame, Powerlessness, and Spirituality, appeared to be related to both the experience of DA and BHS. An additional four factors defined as Secrecy, Hopeless ness, Concern for Abuser, and Justice were identified. This review has highlighted that violence amongst mature women has reached endemic proportions in most parts of the world. It also finds that no ethnic, racial, or socio-economic group is resistant from DV. Nonetheless, the review emphasized considerable heterogeneity in methodologies, sampling periods, sample sizes and the population studied. In some studies, ethnicity, age, and socio-economic status were not reliably recorded, resulting in difficulties in comparisons and evaluations. However, it must be emphasised that the WHO multi-country study was a significant effort to amass globally similar statistics by the use of identical study approaches. There were a number of key methodological issues identified in the studies included in this literature review. A key weakness of surveys is that they may not measure the real figures of abused women, especially as some abused women will be unwilling to reveal and report DV against them. In view of problems associated with self-reports, it is likely that results are biased by both over-reporting and under-reporting (Koss, 1993). According to Krauss (2006) DV differs from nation to nation, and occasionally within the same culture. Therefore, there are cultural factors to take into account when comparing research. For example, in Asian cultures women are brought up with the belief that family needs are superior to individual members’ needs (Rydstrom, 2003). Though women from poor countries are possibly most pre-disposed to believe that men have a right to beat their wives, it has been found that women in developing and developed countries can also be inclined to beliefs which vindicate violence against them (Fagan and Browne 1994). Furthermore, there are cultural differences in the societal view of DV. For example, the review has shown that not every woman who suffers abuse identifies themselves as ‘battered’ women (Mahoney 1991). For example, Islamic nations do not view domestic violence a major issue, despite its increasing incidence and serious consequences. Extracts from religious tract s have been improperly used to validate violence against women, although abuse may also be the result because of culture as well as religion (Douki et al. 2003). Nonetheless, power issues and gender (Caetano et al. 2000), rather than race and ethnicity (Anderson 1997), are likely to be more significant in building and preserving male supremacy and the inequality of power between wives and husbands (Harris et al. 2005). Furthermore, various ethnic groupings are frequently distorted into one single class, for example Asians (Mobell et al. 1997). Due to this, statistics collected on violence amongst minority populations are regularly inadequate, thereby preventing meaningful generalizations. Waltermaurer (2005) argues that the choice of measuring and the practice used to establish the occurrence of domestic violence have important bearings on the occurrence rates being reported. The majority of television and film images, as well as the images in magazines, often display images of abused younger women who have children and this may give a false impression that domestic violence is not something that may occur later on in life. This literature review has found that in comparison to younger women, older women throughout their lives have been less aware of all services and treatments readily available for those going through DV. The previous Government legislated in the Crime and Security Act 2010 for the introduction of Domestic Violence Protection Notices (DVPN) and Domestic Violence Protection Orders (DVPOs). On the 30th of June 2012 the domestic violence protection notices and orders (DVPO) were introduced in West Mercia, Wiltshire and Greater Manchester through three p olice forces. The operations will continue for another year while the Home Office works hand in hand to assess the pilot and decide whether or not a permanent change in the law system is required.. The scheme gives victims who might or may have fled their homes the kind of support they may need. There was a gap in protection in DV before the scheme was founded in 2012. Previously, police were unable to charge perpetrators because of lack of evidence and also because the process of granting injunctions to the perpetrators took time. The (DVPO) scheme closes the gap between then and now and gives the police and the magistrate the power to protect a victim after the attack as soon as they possibly can and try to stop the perpetrator form getting in contact with the victim or returning home for up 28 days. Disclosure of being abused itself is insufficient to reduce the risk of adverse mental health outcomes for mature women who have been victims of DV unless the listener’s respon se to the disclosure was repeatedly supportive (Coker et al. 2002). Mature women report key characteristics of helpful encounters with health-care providers as non-judgemental, sympathetic and caring response (Gerbert et al. 1999). Public and private organizations have kept on enhancing their contributions in fighting DV. In the United Kingdom, The Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act (2004) furnishes superior power to police and the courts in dealing with cases of DV and in providing security to victims. Furthermore the British government has recently issued a national domestic violence action plan which sets fourth ambitious goals: – Reduction in the occurrence of domestic violence – Increase in the rate that domestic violence is reported – increase the rate of domestic violence offences that are brought to justice – Ensure victims of domestic violence are satisfactorily protected and supported nationwide – Reduce the number of domestic violence related homicides. The review has shown that despite all Government initiatives towards domestic violence, healthcare agencies are still under-represented (Hague et al., 1996). It was not until the year 2000 that the Department of Health (DoH) started to take steps to implement front-line interventions from health professionals by publishing two documents known as ‘Domestic Violence: A Resource Manual for Health Care Professionals’ and ‘Principles of Conduct for Health Professionals’ (Department of Health, 2000a, 2000b). The aim of these documents was to integrate best practices recommended by the various governing bodies of differing health professionals. This documentation aims to provide guidance for healthcare professionals in their practice and daily interactions with women experiencing DV. After the publication of these documents, DV was seen for the first time as a health care issue as opposed to a mainly social care problem. The police and the criminal justice system cannot address the issue of domestic violence alone. The cost of protection for those women who experience domestic violence is of such a scale that it should be considered a major public health issue (Department of Health, 2000a: 2). Validity and Reliability As most of the literature referred to in this research was phenomenological, there are some key methodological limitations. For example, phenenological research is often open to interpretation. In particular, the same words may have different meanings for different people (Beck, 1994). This may be of particular importance for the topic of DV as some women who are included as participants may report that they are abused but may not attach the same negative connotations that the researchers do. The most reliable estimates of the extent of domestic violence in England and Wales come from the Crime Survey of England and Wales (CSEW; formerly known as the British Crime Survey). The CSEW asks people about their experience as victims. Being a household survey, it picks up more crime than the official police figures, as not all crimes are reported to the police, let alone recorded by them. Two sets of figures are available from the CSEW: the first, collected from the survey’s inceptio n in 1981, come from the results of face-to-face interviews; the second, available from 2004/05, come from confidential self-completion modules, which respondents complete in private by responding to questions on a computer. The unwillingness of respondents to reveal experience of domestic violence to an interviewer means that the first measure significantly underestimates the extent of domestic violence. Conclusion The high occurrence ofDV experienced by mature women suggests that doctors and other healthcare professionals working in all areas of medicine must identify and explore the potential significance of DV when considering reasons why mature women present with ill health. The issue of DV against mature women should be integrated into medical training, therapist training and also into governmental policy. Heterogeneity within the methodology of the different studies discussed in this review has highlighted the significance of developing stronger definitions to improve coherence across findings during a literature search. Future research work must try to recognize cultural differences when working with families and women of ethnic minorities. Contrary to previous assumptions that mature women may consider DV as acceptable, results of a study found that mature women were able to identify abuse and actions seen as abusive, which demonstrates suggesting that care workers may be misinterpreting victims’ feelings. The study also demonstrates how the attitude of mature women has been altered over time, from something acceptable to something that must be dealt with. Society must stop viewing domestic violence against mature women as a problem which only affects women, as the issue is overall a public health issue. All forms of violence against mature women are abhorrent and support for those who have been abused in any form should be readily available. We need a clear and decisive answer for calls for help from the health sector, in collaboration with women’s organizations and other related public powers. As observed by Hamberger et al. (1992), future research is essential in order to help determine the reason behind some re-occurring factors that are prevalent in contributing toward cases of DV against mature women. A collective societal intervention is necessary to address the social determinants of DV. Counsellors, as frontline care providers, have an essential role to play in controlling the negative impacts of DV amongst mature women. Counsellors can be proactive in their approach and target vulnerable individuals and groups based on initial assessment or treatment programs. Counsellors and healthcare providers should effectively liaise with various governmental and non governmental agencies that participate in delivering individual treatment plans for mature victims of DV.By improving the coordination between these participating agencies and the women that need intervention, healthcare providers can promote greater access to and utilization of these services. Future Work The researcher discovered that there is not much data available on the topic of DV in mature women from previous researchers. In future the researcher will conduct research herself when qualified enough to conduct research using questionnaires and interviews to collect qualitative data. REFERENCES Anderson, K. L. (1997). Gender, status, and domestic violence: an integration of feminist and family violence approaches. 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