History of Modern Middle East Essay

This paper aims to provide a detailed understanding of the concept of Arab nationalism and the impact it had on the Arab-Israeli conflict. Arab nationalism is a nationalist ideology that grew during the time when the Great ottoman empire which had been ruling most of the eastern territory for the almost 500 years was facing its demise. So in order to properly understand the concept of the Arab nationalism we need to have background knowledge of the fall of the Ottoman Empire. After ruling the eastern area which included the Middle Eastern territory for more than 500 years the Turks within the ranks of the empire started to ignore other ethnicities which mostly included the Arabs and the Christians and scores of people from these backgrounds started to accept the Turk dominance. This was precisely the time period during which a sense of separate identity started to develop among the local Arab population. The political and religious thinkers among the Arabs who were well aware of the Arabs glorious past became concerned that if the wind continues to blow in the same direction the Arabs would lose their identity and would eventually become foreigners in the land that had historically been theirs. So they began looking for the ways to restore the sense of national pride among the Arabs and at the same time plot the fall of the Ottoman Empire. Their efforts paid off when the Ottoman Empire allowed the Jews scattered all over Europe to heavily invest in the deserted areas of its territory. This decision which was a plan to earn tax revenues turned out to be a disaster for the empire because it provided the Arabs a wealthy ally against the Empire. So the Jews started to migrate into their purchased lands in Arab lands and new cities like Tel Aviv and Jerusalem started to form, scores of Arab people also decided to move into these areas impressed by the Jews’ living standard and education. Later on more and more influx of Jews from different parts of Europe along with the local Arab support proved fatal for the Ottoman Empire who found itself losing control over their territory as the Arabs became more vocal against them and managed to capture a lot of land from the empire. But the ground reality was that the Jews were quietly gaining control of major parts which had been previously controlled by the empire. A new battle for the control of major strategic position started between the Arabs and the Jews. The Balfour declaration issued by the British government in 1917 made the Arabs more indignant, which supported the establishment of a Jew state in the midst of the Arab land. By the end of First World War almost all of the territory previously controlled by the Ottoman Empire came under the control of western power. The British mandate included what is today Jordan, Israel and Gaza. Other major areas which included Egypt, Syria, morocco and Lebanon were also being governed by what the Arab intellectuals considered the agents of western imperialism. At this stage the Arab nationalism had taken root in the Arab minds and the Arab leaders which included Christians along with the Muslims in region decided to form an alliance against the western imperialism. The point that should be emphasized here is that the idea of Arab nationalism had been based on the fact that the Arabs considered the Ottoman Empire guilty of giving away the power to the west by adopting their ways of life and the allowing the influence of western power in their region. The issue of Jews dominance in what is today Israel surfaced later. Amongst the prominent proponents of this ideology was a Christian Syrian philosopher Al Yazigi who took a view that the rise of modern Europe was based on Islamic values while the Ottoman empire and the Arabs had abandoned those values, that’s why if the Arabs want to keep their land and progress in the political sphere, they need to revive the principles of Islam and rediscover their fading sense of self-identity. Al-Yazigi later on organized several movements in Syria to raise awareness of his ideology. Another important contributor to this idea was Egyptian scholar Mohammed Abduh. He shared the view of Al-Yazigi that the Ottoman Empire was wrong in adopting the apparently modern ideas while abolishing the true Islamic principles which were the foundation of Arab nations’ success in the past. He also felt the need to restore the Arabs’ self-esteem as a nation and made attempts at making this view reach every Arab’s mind living in his native Egypt. Later on 1911 Al-fatat was formed in Paris whose aim was also the revival of Arab nationalism. The European powers were strongly behind this ideology as they wanted to break the rule of the Ottoman Empire in the region. Arab nationalist leaders shared this objective with the European power but wanted to take over the regime themselves rather than watch the European powers taking direct control of the area. So the Arab nationalist movement started out against the Ottoman Empire and when the Empire collapsed it took a different turn and was then directed towards removing the western powers from directly controlling the Arab area. That’s is why the idea of Arab nationalism played a crucial role in the Arab-Israel conflict that surfaced after the first world war and became intense after the second world war when a UN committee allowed the Jews to form a separate state in 1948 named Israel. Leaders from Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan and morocco then became convinced that they need to get rid of the Western influence in their countries and also drive the Jews out of power who were now in total control of the land which the Arabs call the Palestine. The 1948 war of independence was the result of this coalition among the Arab nations i. e. (Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Iraq, Saudi Arabia and Yemen) in which Israel came out the winner and occupied most of the Palestinian territory. After this war on several occasions the Arab nationalism played a crucial role in this conflict till 1972. Major leaders involved include Gamal Abdul Nasser of Egypt, Muammar al-Gaddafi of Libya, Shukri al-Quwatli of Syria and Ahmed bin Bella of Algeria. Following the 1948 war of independence all the Arab countries began to target Jews living on their lands and consequently large population of Jews migrated to from these areas into Israel. Almost 1 million Jews migrated from Arab countries to Israel from 1949 to 1954. In 1956 Gamal Abdul Nasser closed the passage between Sinai and Arabian Peninsula and took the Suez Canal under government control in order to block the Israeli ships from passing through. Israel tried to attack the seas with the British backing and get the route open once again. It eventually happened due to the UN intervention which Egypt didn’t follow for long and blocked the passage again. Situation became really intense in 1967 when the Egyptian leader gathered the political and military support of the Soviet Union and organized other Arab nations under the Pan-Arab movement to attack Israel and capture the Arab land from the Jews. Situation was quite different from the 1948 war because the proper organization of military resources and unity of the Arab leadership as Jordan and Syria joined hands with the Egyptian leader. The result was the six day war which much to the disappointment of the Arab world was won by Israel due to its superiority in Air force technology and captured major strategic positions of Gaza strip, east Jerusalem and most importantly the Sinai passage. After that defeat the Arab nationalist powers by mutual consent boycotted Israel and concluded that Israel be not recognized by any of them. Gamal Abdul Nasser lost his life in 1970 when Egypt tried again to recapture the Sinai Peninsula. Since that time several wars have been fought between the Arab world and Israel and a lot of blood has been spilled on both sides, and it seems that neither party is ready to give up on their principles as this discontent between Arab nations with Jews transfers from one generation to the next. This essays aims to discuss the Iranian revolution and its roots and analyze the impact it had on the Islamic political movements across the Middle East. Iranian revolution which is now widely known as the Islamic revolution was the event which started in the 1970 and was eventually completed in 1979. This revolution resulted in the downfall of monarchy and establishment of federation based on Islamic Shria in Iran. The major reasons why this revolution is deemed to be one of the most important turn around in the history are the sheer amount of people involved in this revolution, its short time period and its impact on the rest of the world especially the Middle Eastern region. The Major force behind this revolution was the Islamic clerical leader Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. Before this revolution Iran had been a monarchy for several dynasties. Ayatollah Khomeini who was considered a prominent figure in the religious circles of Iran took a view that the monarchy of Iran was increasingly becoming a follower of the western powers and polluting the minds of the people in Iran. Mohammed Reza shah Pahlavi who took over the monarch from his father in 1919 proved to be the last emperor of his dynasty. The reason behind his demise are not agreed upon by the historians but it can be concluded that his ambition of making Iran a modern westernized state with the backing of western world was the major reason of his fall from the authority. After taking over the thrown he tried to run the state in an authoritarian fashion and adopted policies which in his view would take make Iran a modernized state. He established closed relationship with the United States and other powerful Western forces. He abolished the rules of Shria and instead adopted the ones that the Shiite Muslim population of Iran considered to be unacceptable, additionally his autocratic style of governance and the lack of functional discipline were also the factors that convinced the population of Iran that it was time for a change. Ayatollah Khomeini who had been exiled from the country by the shah due to his anti-monarch and anti-west stance picked on this weakness of the Shah and started to gather support of the population who believed in Islamic values. Khomeini’s idea of the government was based on the Islam. He demanded that monarchy be immediately abolished and an Islamic state be formed instead. Khomeini first came to surface in 1963 as a vocal opponent of what he called white revolution in which shah decided to allow minorities to hold government office and granted women the rights to vote. And from then on his support began to pick up as the shah became unpopular by the day. The movement picked up the pace only after 1976 and later on speedily removed shah from his seat. Khomeini who was living exile continued to raise awareness among the Muslim population about shah’s policies, which were heavily influenced by the American government and at the same time reiterated the need to bring a change. First mass gathering took place after the death of Khomeini’s son in 1977 and thousand of people gathered to protest against the shah. Then early in the year 1978 another mass protest was held by the Islamist students’ foundation in the city of Qom. Several casualties were reported as the shah ordered the military to control the crowd which proved to be an overwhelming task because of the large number of people involved. In the same year another supreme cleric Ayatollah kazem shariatmadari joined broke his silence and joined Khomeini in his movement when one of his followers was shot dead at his place. Shariatmadari didn’t share the theocratic view with Khomeinie but the supported the idea of abolishment of monarchy. Meanwhile the Shah continued his struggle for westernization and kept holding the meetings with the then American president jimmy carter who assured him of his support during that period of turmoil. The shah tried to bring some economic stability by cutting back on the government spending but it also turned out to be a bad decision as it resulted in mass layoffs and the joining of the newly unemployed with the rebels. Things turned nasty when 400 people were reported dead in the Rex Cinema killings in august. The anti-Shah element then took their movement to a whole new level by calling on a mass strike which ceased virtually the whole economy and the success of this strike virtually guaranteed the completion of the revolution in people’s minds while the shah scrambled to make amends and tried to control the situation fast deteriorating. Finally in the start of the New Year 1979 the Shah to the joy of Khomeini and his followers fled his Iran and Khomeini later returned to his native state to establish a government based on Shria. The impact of this revolution was widespread in the Muslim world as well as well as internationally. No other country has witnessed a revolution such as this before, its basis on the theological ideal and large support the Islamic leaders managed to get from the seemingly westernized crowd provided an example to follow for other the leaders of similar motives in other Middle Eastern states. It gave the religious clerics a new belief that they can get rid off the western influence and perhaps converts their own state based purely on theocratic principles. It had most influence on the neighboring countries of Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Iraq where the population of Shiites is substantial. After only a few days of revolution some 400 Iranian militants tried to attack and capture the holy city f Mecca in Saudi Arabia and later on Saudi authorities got a major shock when the an Ashura procession transformed into political one in which people chanted slogans in support of Khomeini. Shiite clerics in Lebanon managed to transform their state into an Islamic one while other countries in the Arab region also adopted an approach to government based on religious principles. Since the turn around in Iran the political Islam has been the main theme of almost all the countries in the region and the clerics now have a deep-seated awareness of the fact that the people in the region are moved by the their religion and they can use the religion as a means of creating political movement. The governments in these countries are also well aware of this fact and until now have been trying keeping policies in line with the Shria. The strong anti-west stance taken by Iran provided by Iran has been an emblem of this revolution and that continued to this day. Israel has also been a major target after episode cleared as the religious elements hold a strong feeling for the Palestinians believing that the Jews are unjust holders of the land that actually belongs to the Muslims. Verbal attacks between these two sides are now a common site while a war between Hezbollah controlled Lebanon and Israel was one of the major events of the decade in which Hezbollah managed to successfully defend their territory.

Reasearch Paper-Barriers Among Homeless Youth

Barriers Among Homeless Youth In Health Care Sebastian Henao Conestoga College Homelessness amongst youth is common in nearly every part of the world, including the region of Waterloo. Given these circumstances many young adults have barriers that they must overcome in a daily basis in order to stay alive. Some of these barriers include substance abuse, sexual intercourse and poor access to health care. All of these barriers can potentially harm a young person’s life.So how can nurses help the homeless youth from overcoming these barriers? A review form â€Å"Health-Seeking Challenges Among Homeless Youth† suggests that information on healthcare services and assistance to homeless youth, is key for their wellbeing. According to the National Alliance to End Homelessness, 2009, 10 to 20 youth in Waterloo Region are experiencing persistent homelessness and at least 75 are at-risk. These youth are more likely to engage in risky behaviour due to barriers they experience ever y day.Even though the research of, â€Å"Health-Seeking Challenges Among Homeless Youth† was done in the United States, as nurses, we can still incorporate their message into our practice, the research was done to determine what were the biggest barriers homeless youth encountered in healthcare services. Do to this research nurses can plan ways to ensure the wellness of homeless youth and ensure these barriers don’t take place. As nurses we are taught that our patients deserve the best care possible, disregarding age or social status. Rather than provide resources for homeless youth, youth frequently were confronted with unforgettable comments that were full of judgment. † (Hudson et al. ,2010) It is important that as nurses we are open and not make judgements in order to provide the best client care possible, this is seen as a barrier to homeless youth that feel like whenever they go to a clinic they are being discriminated. The different barriers that homeless youth encounter on a daily basis are not the same barriers that other patients may encounter.Therefore, the health teaching used for homeless youth should be different than that of the average patient. â€Å"Health-seeking Challenges among Homeless Youth† research report has shown the different barriers the youth face and as nurses, we must be flexible with providing them with the appropriate health teaching to ensure their wellness. Mental health, sexual orientation and substance abuse help are just a few of the health teaching the youth need â€Å"As a result, young adults called out for more outreach, particularly for mental health treatment† (Hudson et al. , 2010).Being able to identify and give effective help to patients suffering from mental health, can lead to a better health and recovery. In order to reach out to the younger homeless population, all the related interproffessional teams should discuss what the best solution is to pass on the information to the y outh. One way that the use could access the information is through programs or classes that can be held in shelters, these classes can be held to provide information regarding substance abuse, sexual intercourse and mental health; how to reach help and if necessary could provide with other resources.Some other ways the information can be passed on the youth could be to hold clinics through the city, this can give a chance for the homeless to come get information and be able to get any help they need. According to Throughout the Waterloo region there are a number of programs to help out homeless people, however, these programs should incorporate information on how the health care services can help them.If we all work together and provide the necessary information, the barriers that homeless youth experience in healthcare can be eliminated. References First Call Bc (2012). Resources on the Mental Health of Homeless youth in Canada. Retrieved September 20, 2012 from http://firstcallbc. wordpress. com/2012/05/30/resources-on-the-mental-health-of-homeless-youth-in-canada/ Hudson, A. , Nyamthi, A. , Greengold, B. , Slagle, A. , Koniak-Griffin, D. , Khalilifard, F. , & Getzoff, D. (2010).Health seeking challenges among homeless youth. Nursing Research, 59(3), 212-218. National Alliance to End Homelessness (2009). New Funding for Homeless Youth Services and Housing – Guide to Community Planners and Youth Advocates. Retrieved September 20, 2012, from www. endhomelessness. org/section/policy/focusareas/youth. Region of Waterloo (2010). Social planning, policy and program administration. Retrieved September 22, 2012, from http://www. regionofwaterloo. ca/en/regionalGovernment/resources/SA2010-0406. pd

Enuma Elish vs. Genesis Essay

As a whole, the creation myth of Enuma Elish is quite different from the other myths in the Primal Myths book. The story of Genesis is an exception however, where there are more similarities than differences. The creation stories of Genesis and Enuma Elish have a similar framework, but do vary in several ways. This essay aims to compare and contract these two creation myths while looking for common themes and possible cultural connections. Enuma Elish contains several gods who played a distinct role in the creation, most importantly Apsu and Tiamat. After Apsu and Tiamat, the other gods are created, and reside in the body of Tiamat. Enuma Elish is a story of how the gods interact and go through a dramatic power struggle. The world is created as a result of the gods’ actions and decisions. In a similar way, but with notable differences, Genesis consists of just one god who simplistically creates the world, with no drama or power struggles. In Genesis, â€Å"God† decides to make the world, and in seven â€Å"days† (sometimes known as long periods of time) creates all that we know of, with great emphasis on man. Enuma Elish also places great importance onto man, and for a similar reason. The Enuma Elish story ends with the creation of man to do the physical work instead of the gods, a prime example being the construction of Babylon. Genesis does not describe the purpose of man in an indentured sense but instead says that it is for man to â€Å"be fruitful and multiply†¦have dominion†¦over every living thing†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Sproul, 124). â€Å"God† also rested on the seventh day, the day after he created man. Most similar are the physical creations in both myths. Both are kindled through the medium of â€Å"divine speech†, or the language of the gods. Each day and each generation are linked together if closely examined. In Enuma Elish, we have the six generations of Tiamat and Apsu, Lahamu, Kishar, Anu, Ea, and Marduk, respectively. In the story of Genesis, we have the six main days of creation, and both stories have the time of rest (or seventh day). In the initial st ate of the creation stories, we have a time when earth was void, or as some prefer to call it, chaos. Simply, a lack of order enclosed by darkness, as shown by â€Å"When there was no heaven,/no earth, no height, no depth, no name,/when Apsu was alone† (92) and â€Å"The earth was without form and void, and darkness was upon the face of the deep†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (123). The first two developments in both stories included light, followed by the creation of the  firmament, â€Å"the lines of sky and earth/stretched where horizons meet to separate/cloud from silt† (92). In the third development, dry land was fabricated, then the skies were developed â€Å"He projected positions†¦in the sky, he gave them a starry aspect as constellations†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (102), and in the sixth development, men and women were created. As a finishing touch, Genesis reads â€Å"†¦God rested from all his work which he had done in creation.† (125) and in Enuma Elish, â€Å"When all the gods sat down together there was wine and feasting and laughter†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (106). If one studies the background behind The Bible, one would know that the Babylonians held the Jewish people in exile. One might conclude that the story of Genesis might be a derivative of the Babylonian story Enuma Elish via cultural influences. In addition, Enuma Elish is dated to be older than the story of Genesis, leaving this theory as a sound possibility. In a Christian dominated world, many would deny the fact that the story of Genesis is unoriginal, because of the possibility that accepting a story as unoriginal would make it inferior; thus leading many skeptics to further question the validity of Judaist teachings. In conclusion, Enuma Elish and Genesis have a distinctly akin nature, with the possibility of mutual cultural influences. Through deep auditing, the two creation myths are found to be comparable in many respects. Each goes through equivalent developments, but not without important differences. From here, we leave it to future archeological discoveries to uncover the truth of these stories and their origins.

The Social, Economic, Technological and Cultural Impact of Video Games Essay

The Social, Economic, Technological and Cultural Impact of Video Games on True Art - Essay Example Entertainment is one of the core recreational activities in the world today. Previously, many people could be seen filling movie theatres to the brim in their endeavor to unwind and gain infotainment through cinemas. Cinemas illustrated real people images devoid of simulation and interactive participation of the audience. This is turning out to be a past practice as the world is embracing a new digital age brought about by the emergence of various computer applications such as the video games (Nichols, et al 133). This venture is finding its way in the lives of many young generation peers who are finding solace in it away from the hard economic, social and cultural society practices which many consider to be boring and outdated. Notably, the youth are the most affected by the video games industry with most of them spending to the last penny to attain the modern and latest video games. This is in their push to achieve an orchestrated physiological and emotional satisfaction as though were the true characters in the dramatic competition illustrated by the video game (Jenkins 4). ... Thesis Globally, story telling and interactivity forms the core concern of a true art. Every audience will be attracted to an art that illustrates a well organized and vividly analyzed and sequential story. It is every ones concern to follow a narrative that will develop to a given plot with ultimate objectives to be attained. Every masterpiece must achieve a great sense of humor and at the same time provoke our inquisitiveness, pleasure and critically trigger off the desire to explore further (Jenkins 2). An interactive tale which prompts the curious participation of the audience gives a more gratification as they simulate the characters to attain a conceived objective. Video games are designed to ignite the imagination of the perceived audience captivating them on heroic quests to new extraordinary and fantasy worlds (Jenkins 3). True art balances the economic, social and cultural status of the society as it attains its infotainment objective. It creates various opportunities that will enhance the economic gain of the audience and the characters presenters, with an equal maintenance of the societal social and cultural values. The purpose of this study is to investigate the social, economic and cultural factors of video games that influence true art. The report will provide its findings on the impact of the video games being developed in the world today to the true art. Literature Review Corneliussen, & Walker (114) says that there is a continuing interest in the study of the forces that influence the impact of video games on the true art particularly that which can be harnessed to provide a clear conformity to the objectives of a true art. The ideas that came in the early 1970s explicitly depicted video games as a killer of the true art illustratively

Effect of Globalization on Public Administration Research Paper

Effect of Globalization on Public Administration - Research Paper Example The shaping of public policy today should be such that ‘the right’ people are attracted to the country. Globalization has also increased diversity in the workplace meaning that many people of different origins are working in the public sector. Management styles should also change in order to accept the changes of globalization. Competition is another dimension of public administration that globalization has contributed. Private sector is increasing its participation in the public sector due to deregulation and this is increasing competition. Global financialiazation has also affected public administration greatly. Introduction Globalization has changed the dynamics of business significantly all over the world. Newer business practices and management techniques have become inevitable in the new business environment that is dominated by diversity, both outward (customers) and inward (employees). Our world has transformed into a global village where distances no longer matt er. This has both increased the problems and opportunities for businesses. . Competition has increased but many new opportunities are also there to grab. Globalization has not only affected private firms who aim to maximize profits. Public sector organizations are equally affected by the process of globalization. ... Diversity will be discussed and how it has increased problems for public administrators. Management issues that have come up as a result of globalization in the public sector will also be elucidated. The element of competition in the public services sector will also be explained alongside with the global financial markets and its effect on public administration. In the end an appropriate video will also be suggested that will shed more light on globalization. Defining Globalization Globalization refers to eradication of state regulations on trade and exchanges across country borders, and a highly integrated and complex system of production, finance, and exchange that has emerged as a result of it (Palmer, 2002). The term globalization refers to a phenomenon that has changed the world in the 20th century. During 20th century many changes occurred in the whole world. The two world wars fought gave rise to massive industrialization throughout the world. An increasingly capitalistic syst em became popular and regulation became ‘old-fashioned’. Countries soon realized that they were making more goods than they could consumer and this gave rise to global trade on a large scale. After that countries attempted to produce only goods in which they possessed a competitive advantage. This again bolstered globalization. Globalization does not only refer to the economic changes that occurred in the 20th century rather it encompasses many things like cultures, traditions, consumption patterns, technology etc. All these things have become ‘globalized’ today and country specific differences are shrinking. Cultural globalization refers to homogenization of global culture which is happening due

Communication Skills for Managers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Communication Skills for Managers - Essay Example Managers should adopt a business environment that supports high employee productivity. Communication skills of managers should be effective in addressing the different demands of the employees and achieving the objectives of the business. Proper communication skills used by managers are critical in retaining employees. Business managers should consider the effective use of the different levels of communication. Communication channels at the workplace should encourage a nationwide forum in which all employees engage. Departmental communication is equally valuable in any business. Team communication is vital to ensure an inclusive teamwork. Communication at the lowest level involving individuals is equally valuable. A vital role of management is to ensure employee satisfaction. According to studies, employee dissatisfaction is an innermost factor that can be the cause underperformance at the workplace. Business goals are unattainable when there is a high level of employee dissatisfacti on and underperformance. Poor communication strategies adopted by managers have diverse impacts on the operations at the workplace. The implications of increased employee turnover can be massive when there is ineffective communication at the workplace. ... The business may make serious losses and fail to meet its goals. Poor service provision by employees to business customers may be a cause of a high rate of product defects. High defect rates of products also leads to serious business losses. Communication in the workplace is necessary in updating employees on the business goals. Communication is also central in passing informing to employees on the possible adjustments in the programs of the organization. Such adjustments are invaluable in attaining the business' set goals. Any lack of focus on the business objectives, by employees, can affect the business to a vast level. Communication, therefore, is instrumental in ensuring that employees are at par with the business objectives and make necessary adjustments. Innovation is central in achieving the objectives and successful operation of every business. Businesses are most likely to have stifled innovation when communication is poor, ineffective and uncoordinated. With little innovat ion, the business attracts low competitive advantage in the market. The emergence of market trends necessitates the adoption proper communication skills to drive diverse success factors in the management of every business. Organizational behavior has an extensive contribution in the achievement of workplace success. This depends on the extent of communication that managers invest in, at the workplace. The success of every business must encompass all aspects including effective communication. Internal communication involves the exchange of information within the organization (Kaul 7). It occurs between the business management and organization’s employees. External communication involves the exchange of

Using the product or service of your choice describe the behaviors in Assignment

Using the product or service of your choice describe the behaviors in making a purchase - Assignment Example Chaudhuri (2006) noted that consumer behaviour is influenced by both internal and external factors. The internal factors include personality, lifestyle, motivation, demographics, attitudes, feelings, beliefs, knowledge etc. The external factors include: ethnicity, family, advice, locality, culture, social class etc. The motive of the purchaser or consumer is one of the important factors influencing the purchase of a car. According to Evans, Foxal and Jamal (2009), motive is the driving force that makes an individual want to obtain a certain product. In this case, the purchase of a car will depend entirely on the needs of the purchaser. A consumer may have certain needs that make it necessary to purchase a car instead of purchasing a motor bike for instance. This needs underpin the processes involved in deciding to buy a car. Again the social status and financial capability of a purchaser also influences the decision to purchase. A buyer with good financial capability will purchase a car based on his social standing in the society and the impression he or she wants to make. Such a buyer not only needs a car, but the car has to conform to certain desired standards. These factors go hand in hand with the lifestyle of the purchaser of the car. According to Graves (2010), the purchaser’s attitude towards a certain type of car in combination to his or her knowledge and ability play a central role in determining whether a purchaser of a car will purchase a certain car. The knowledge of a purchaser of a car with regards to strengths and weaknesses of the car shape his attitude towards the car and this in combination with his financial ability then determine which type of car will be bought. Social factors also influence the purchaser’s choice of a product. According to Underhill (2008), social factors like family, friends and the greater society influence a purchaser’s choice. A buyer will buy a car that meets the criterion that in

A history of multicultural America. Questions and answers Essay

A history of multicultural America. Questions and answers - Essay Example The original servants in the Virginia Colony were indentured African servants and indentured White servants who came to the colony intentionally for earning money. However, the African servants that came to the colony were war captives or from enemy tribes (Takaki). Question 2: What is the difference between being an indentured servant and being a slave? Indentured servants were quite different from slaves as they were paid for their work and they worked as free workers bound under some agreement between them and the company for an agreed time period. The slaves were deprived of any rights and salary that were approved for indentured servants (Takaki). Question 3: What angered black American soldiers about the roles that were assigned to them during WWII? During WWII, the Black American soldiers were assigned different roles as compared to White American soldiers, which angered them. The roles were related to labor and non-combating positions. They were regarded unfit for combating due to which, they were assigned labor roles and other odd jobs to perform. Considering discrimination and inequality, they were angered. Even after the war, their testimonies were not collected as they were recorded from White soldiers (Takaki). Question 4: What was the major result of Bacon's Rebellion for blacks? The major result of Bacon’s Rebellion for blacks was increase in black slavery as the farm owners in fear of another rebellion and its aftereffects, started investing in acquiring slaves in place of indentured servants to get rid of any similar issue at all. They turned to Africa for slaves who became their primary source of labor (Takaki). Question 5: What was Thomas Jefferson's attitude toward slavery? How did he treat his own slaves? W hat did he believe should happen to blacks if they were freed from slavery? Jefferson’s attitude towards slavery was incongruous as condemned slavery openly and also had hundreds of slaves working on his plantation. He became the richest person on his land based on the expansion of his cultivated land, buying, and selling of slaves. He had appointed overseers for observing the slaves, their work, and these overseers were allowed to make use of physical violence for making them work. His treatment was cruel that can be noticed in his treatment of Hubbard, his slave who tried to escape. According to Jefferson, black slaves would not be able to feed themselves and take care of themselves if they were freed. He also proposed of deporting the blacks back to Africa after freeing them from slavery considering them inappropriate as free citizens in a White man’s society. Jefferson regarded blacks inferior to white population (Takaki). Question 6: Who was Phillis Wheatley, and what were the arguments that she put forward about blacks and slavery? Phillis Wheatley was a female poet and she was a slave brought from Africa. She had her own experience of ‘slave trade’, ‘forced separation from parents’ and ‘bondage in America’. She regarded slavery as a tyrannical institution depriving blacks of their rights and lives. She emphasized equality of blacks and informed that blacks were religiously equal to whites (Takaki). Question 7: Who was Benjamin Banneker? What stereotype about blacks did he work to dispel? What were his arguments? Benjamin Banneker was a black mathematician. He was also a slave like Wheatley. He dismissed Jefferson’s views about inferiority of intellect in blacks. He dispelled the stereotype about blacks that they were intellectually inferior to whites. He regarded Jefferson as a hypocrite. Banneker explained liberty as a ‘natural right’ for blacks. He talked about abolition of slave ry. He rejected the very notion of black inferiority (Takaki). Question 8: What were some of the ways slaves were managed by their masters? Overseers were appointed for black slaves that supervised them for work and threatened people for working by

Micro Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Micro - Essay Example Knowledge and data helps in the identification and may show factors to survival, activity, and death of the subject pathogen. Eschericheria coli 0104:H4 is the name of the health concern while Eschericheria coli is the pathogen that causes the health concern, a bacterial pathogen. The name of the health concern includes the name of the pathogen and even though only the concern is identified, the inclusion means identification of the pathogen. The statement also identifies the concern as an outbreak to establish its significance, in addition to explaining that the concern is an enemy among the human population. Consequently, the statement contributes to risk analysis through identification of a hazard Hazard characterization is another significant element of risk analysis and its absence from the statement undermines risk analysis aspect. An outline of the nature and degree of effects of an identified hazard is the main feature of hazard characterization. Identification of levels of the pathogen that is harmful to different population segments such as segments by gender and by age groups would be an example of hazard characterization and can be quantitative or qualitative. Even though the statement identifies existence of lessons that have been developed from occurrence of the hazard, the identification is too general, failing to communicate scope of the problem and its severity level. Incidence rate of the health concern and time that it takes to overwhelm the body or even a description of its severity would have established hazard characterization. Being devoid of these aspects therefore means that the statement fails in risk analysis. The statement is also devoid of exposure assessment. One of the key elements of exposure assessment is data on existence of pathogens in raw materials to a subject food. exposure assessment also meets criteria of risk analysis if

Investment Fundamentals and Portfolio Management Research Paper

Investment Fundamentals and Portfolio Management - Research Paper Example The company has registered gross profit of $24.3 billion in the fiscal 2011 that is an increase of 4.1% over previous year. That has been achieved through better management practices and customer focused policies (The Home Depot, Inc., 2012). A significant increase in operating income at $6.7 billion has been registered compared to $5.8 billion posted in fiscal year 2010 – that means an impressive 14.1% increase in operating income on yearly basis (The Home Depot, Inc., 2012). The remarkable performance has been possible through four major key initiatives: focusing on customer service, increasing productivity and efficiency, innovation and portfolio strategy providing value to the customers (The Home Depot, Inc., 2012). Increasing shareholder value has been one of the major objectives of the Home Depot. Accordingly, the company resorted to buy-back its own shares and garnered 97 million shares from the market amounting to $3.5 billion during the year ended January 2012. In November 2011, the company rewarded its shareholders by declaring a cash dividend of 29 cents per share, a 16% increase over previous quarter proving that the company values its shareholders (The Home Depot, Inc., 2012). As per Federal Reserve Report of June 2012, economic growth has taken a dip. GDP growth rate reduced to 2% annually in the first quarter this year after touching a 3% growth rate in the last quarter of 2011. Employment conditions though improved in the last quarter of 2011 and first quarter of 2012; however, it slowed down during April and May this year. The unemployment rate, a crucial macroeconomic factor, was registered 8.2 percent in the second quarter of 2012. The forecast has it that the economic growth is likely to be at moderate levels in coming quarters. The depressed housing market is one of the major bottlenecks for the economy to grow at a faster

The Systematic Oppression of the Jews Essay Example for Free

The Systematic Oppression of the Jews Essay The Holocaust will forever be remembered as the systematic genocide of the Jewish people, when approximately six million Jews in Europe were murdered under the Nazi regime. The question that comes to mind is why did nobody stop this event or speak against the horrors that occurred in the ghettoes or concentration camps? How could this happen in the 20th century, when the human race was thought to be evolved and modernized? It occurred because there was a history of persecution, exploitation, anti-Semitism, and hate for the Jews, especially in Germany; as we have read in the articles and texts, the systematic elimination began during the 1930s when the Nazis enacted laws that effectively sequestered the Jews’ human rights. In March 23, 1933, Hitler was able to attain the majority in the Reichstag, the ruling German Parliament. On this day, he was able to pass the Enabling Act which, â€Å"Authorized the government to issue legislation on its own responsibility, even if that legislation deviated from the Reich Constitution (Dawidowicz, A Holocaust Reader, 35). † We could say this was the beginning of the end for the Jews, as it enabled Hitler and his Nazi party to pass laws that would effectively take away the rights of the Jews. The Enabling Act was just the first step of many which would allow for the state-sponsored roundup and mass-murder of the Jews. The first law aimed at the Jews, or â€Å"non-Aryans†, was The Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, which was passed on April 7, 1933. It dismissed non-Aryan civil servants, clerical employees, workers, and professionals. And on that same day, non-Aryan lawyers were denied admission to the bar. This ensured that there wouldn’t be anyone to speak up against the Nazi regime, or defend the Jews. It also made those Jews unemployed, and they could only inquire employment opportunities within their neighborhood or Jewish community. It was the first step in removing Jews from public life and from then on the German government followed Nazi ideology. On April 11, 1933, â€Å"An implementing decree appeared, defining â€Å"non-Aryan† status (Dawidowicz, A Holocaust Reader, 36). † This decree established that one was considered a Jew if one parent or grandparent was of Jewish faith. This decree also required that everyone have credentials of their family tree in order to prove their German heritage and blood. This was another step taken to separate the Jews and their German/Aryan counterparts. This decree identified individuals as Jews, and thus made them easier targets for the ensuing laws that were planned to be enacted by the Nazis, and eventual imprisonment in ghettoes. On April 25, 1933, the Law Against the Overcrowding of German schools and institutions of Higher Learning was passed. This law put a quota of how many non-Aryan Jews could attend school, and eventually prohibited them from education. The Nazis wanted to ensure that the children were not educated; Perhaps they did not want them near other German schoolchildren. Also, this aided their state-sponsored discrimination, as German school children were taught to feel superior to other races. The Reich Citizenship Law was passed on September 15, 1935. This declared German citizenship only to those of â€Å"German or kindred blood† Citizenship is â€Å"only that subject of German or kindred blood who proves his conduct that he is willing and suited loyally to serve the German people and the Reich (Dawidowicz, A Holocaust Reader,45). † This law certainly separated the Jews from the German people as it took citizenship away from the Jews. The Jews were no longer protected by the State, even though the Enabling Act was already passed that allowed the Nazis to create laws that did not follow the German Constitution. They were pushed to the fringes of society. Even the exemptions for Jewish War Veterans was removed. Another reason why this was an important law was that it removed the Jews from elections, as only Reich citizens were allowed to vote. If one was not German and part of the Reich, they were not allowed to vote; This seems like a prelude to the German people following the Nazi party because laws were implemented that demanded people to join the Nazi party before joining certain organizations, or working for certain institutions, and eventually voting. Finally, The Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor, forbade marriage and sex between Jews and those of German or kindred blood. It further isolated Jews from the population. It also further defined one as a Jew if one was a mischling, or mixed descent. Another decree also required that Israel and Sarah be added to names of Jews, and required the Star of David badge and armband to further separate Jews. Eventually laws took Jewish property, business, industry, and put them under police surveillance. The Jews were no longer part of society, but viewed as lower beings. They were a group of â€Å"other† things, who did not have rights or property. Not only did the Nazi regime effectively remove Jews from public life, but they oppressed them slowly. The Jews who were so used to migrating and being discriminated against could not have possibly predicted what was going to happen to them. The Nazis groomed the German population to believe that they were superior beings. This led to pogroms, such as Kristallnacht, when Germans destroyed the glass windows of Jewish owned shops. Violence against property eventually became violence against their Jewish neighbors, and eventually murder. With the state sponsoring this type of behavior and nobody in the government to protect their rights, the Jews had nowhere to go, not even Germans who they used to call friends. â€Å"To restore Germany to its former greatness, Hitler believed that the Jews had to be purged from the political and public life of the German nation and removed from all positions of political, social, or cultural influence (Dawidowicz, A Holocaust Reader, 35). † The Nazis successfully removed the Jews from public life because they were able to enact laws that slowly took away their human rights. The laws deprived Jews of equal rights; They enabled persecution, dehumanization, and made Jews outcasts of German society. The Jewish people had endured such a long history of exile, violence, and bloodshed that they did not foresee how these laws were preparation for the Holocaust.

Motorcycle Helmet law debate Essay Example for Free

Motorcycle Helmet law debate Essay Across the United States, every year millions of license drivers choose to ride motorcycles rather than drive automobiles for a variety of reasons; Reasons range from individual pleasure to a much more cost effective way to travel. The universal motorcycle helmet law debate over the past forty years has revolved around whether the federal government should adopt a universal helmet law that mandates all motorcyclists to wear helmets at all times when riding to reduce societies economic cost, or whether the individual rider should have the right to choose rather to wear or not wear a helmet. In 1967, nearly all States implemented a mandatory universal helmet law in order to receive federal funds to repair and improve our Interstate Highways. Once the 1966 National Highway Safety Act was imposed, the history of motorcycle helmet legislation began. Americans have continuously debated over the balance between an individual’s rights, the best interest of the public and when the government should take measures to protect the people of the United States from harm. Four out of five Americans are in support of a universal helmet law, yet motorcyclists represent only about two percent of all registered vehicles in the United States (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 2008). This suggest that a majority of supporters are either not motorcycle owners and/or seemed to have taken a utilitarianism cost and benefits analysis approach, which according to Michael Sandel â€Å"many argue, that a weakness in utilitarianism is that it fails to respect individual rights. † Supporters believe that wearing a motorcycle helmet protects riders’ by preventing serious head injuries and lowers mortality rates, which results in society saving an immense deal of economic cost, such as taxes, insurance premiums and government funded healthcare expenses. Non-supporters, including myself a registered motorcycle owner, argue that a universal helmet law is unconstitutional, as it violates our right to â€Å"Freedom of Choice† as written in our Bill of Rights. Despite the tremendous amount of statistics, that claim motorcycle helmets may reduce head injuries and lower fatalities, as of now only twenty States and the District of Columbia currently have and enforce a universal motorcycle helmet law, twenty-seven States that do enforce partial motorcycle helmet laws that are directed at riders under a certain age (usually 18) and three States (Illinois, Iowa, and New Hampshire) still currently have no helmet laws in use (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 2008). In order to have a better understanding of the ratiocination of the universal motorcycle helmet law, you have to know the history of the legislation of the universal motorcycle helmet law. The beginning of motorcycle helmet legislation in the United States was when the 1966 National Highway Safety Act was originally created to generate additional federal funding to States for our Interstate Highway System. However, in order for the States to receive funding, the federal government placed stipulations that influenced States to comply with safety laws that the federal government wanted to be in place. If the States did not comply, they would lose these funds (see Note: a, b, c, d and e in Figure 1, Homer, Jenny and French, Michael 416. ) Prior to 1966, only three States (New York, Massachusetts, and Michigan) had motorcycle helmet use laws, even though motorcycle helmet usage began as early the 1920’s by Motorcycle racers as a form of protection (Jones, Marian Moser, and Ronald Bayer 209). By 1967, after the federal standard for State Highway Safety Programs was implemented requiring States to have a universal motorcycle helmet law in effect in order to qualify for additional federal funds; All but three States (California, New Hampshire and Illinois) complied by implementing and enforcing a universal helmet law that required all motorcycle riders to wear helmets, so they would qualify to receive the additional Interstate Highway funding. Then, By 1975, 47 states and the District of Columbia had adopted universal helmet laws. This trend reversed dramatically in the latter half of 1975 when Congress acquiesced to the pressure exerted by groups such as ABATE, and amended the Act to remove the contingency of federal highway funds on universal helmet laws. The amendment led to the repeal of universal coverage in 27 states shortly thereafter (Derrick, Allison J. , and Lee D. Faucher 229). Between 1989 and 1994, Congress once again began to try and influence the States to mandate a universal motorcycle helmet law by implementing the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991, also known as ISTEA. ISTEA provided special incentive grants to states with both universal motorcycle helmet laws and passenger vehicle safety belt use laws. A state qualified for a first-year grant by having these two laws in effect. In subsequent years, the state also was required to exceed minimum motorcycle helmet and safety belt use levels (helmet use of 75 percent in the second year and 85 percent in the third year). Twenty-three states and the District of Columbia received grants for one or more of the fiscal years 1992, 1993, and 1994 for which the grants were authorized (R. G. Ulmer and D.F. Preusser 5). The ISTEA Act was much more effect on the universal safety belt law rather than the universal helmet laws; States were more successful in implementing and convincing Americans to comply with safety seat belt laws rather than a universal motorcycle helmet law. I agree with Charles Umbenhauer of USA Today who believes â€Å"Unlike seat belts, helmets represent a separate purchase. Helmet laws, on the other hand, are a manifestation of societys belief that its members lack the wisdom to make decisions about personal safety and must therefore be subjected to arbitrary laws. † Between 1995 and 2001, Congress implemented the National Highway System Designation Act. This Act repealed the ISTEA largely in response to lobbying by the educated and very organized motorcycle groups, such as American Motorcycle Association â€Å"AMA,† Motorcycle Riders Foundation, and American Bikers Aimed Toward Education â€Å"ABATE†. The lobbying of these groups resulted in five States (Arkansas, Florida, Kentucky, Louisiana and Texas) repealing their universal helmet requirements. According to the Congressional Record- Senate on June 20, 1995 that after very much debate over mandating a universal motorcycle helmet law, US Congress decided that States would be required to implement motorcycle rider education programs instead of a universal helmet law to receive funding. Congress acted in accordance to Aristotle belief that â€Å"Legislators make the citizens good by forming habits in them, and this is the wish of every legislator, and those who do not effect it miss their mark, and it is this that a good constitution differs from a bad one† (Sandel, Michael 198). Of the current thirty States that allow adult riders to choose rather they prefer to wear helmets or not, three States require the rider must be 18 years or older; Five States require the rider must be 21 years or older; The remaining nineteen States have other stipulations that require riders to either complete motorcycle training courses, have a helmet in possession, but not required to wear the helmet and/or a minimum of $10,000. 00 of medical insurance that is specifically for injuries resulting from motorcycle crashes (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 2008). In November 2010, supporters led by safety groups and the insurance industry began to lobby that all States that currently do not have and/or enforce a universal motorcycle helmet law should implement a universal motorcycle helmet law; Aristotle would have most likely supported this act, as he stated â€Å"The purpose of politics is nothing less than to enable people to develop their distinctive human capacities and virtues—to deliberate about the common good, to acquire practical judgment, to share in self-government, to care for the fate of the community as a whole† (Sandel, Michael 194). While on the other hand, universal helmet law opponents like Congressman Jim Sensenbrenner that stated: It is the job of Congress to defend the freedom and individual responsibilities that motorcycle riders across the nation enjoy as they travel the open roads of America, and â€Å"Mr. Stricklands plan greatly concerns me as it is not the job of the federal government to create one-size- fits-all helmet laws. Mr. Strickland appears to be intent on pursuing all means possible to enact mandatory helmet laws either at the federal level or by violating the principles of the 10th Amendment and bullying the States into enacting mandatory helmet laws. Motorcyclists under the leadership of very organized motorcycle groups in the United States, since 1967 have continued to lobbying for repeal in the twenty States that currently have a universal helmet law. Most Americans agree there is a need to create laws that set limits and regulations in order to have a civilized society; However, motorcyclist believe this can be done without the government violating our individual â€Å"Freedom of Choice†, which allows a person to decide to take risks as long as they are only risking their own person and their property. According to libertarian theory of rights, Even if riding a motorcycle without a helmet is reckless, and even if helmet laws save lives and prevent devastating injuries, libertarians argue that such laws violate the rights of an individual to decide what risks to assume. As long as no third parties are harmed, and as long as motorcycle riders are responsible for their own medical bills, the state has no rights to dictate what risks they may take with their bodies and lives (Sandel, Michael 60). Despite the overwhelming evidence, some motorcyclists (including myself) refuse to wear helmets all the time when riding and oppose universal helmet laws because universal helmet laws represent government interference and these laws impede an individual’s â€Å"Freedom of Choice. † Most Americans would agree that wearing a motorcycle helmet is probably one of the safest pieces of protective outerwear when riding a motorcycle, but opponents of a universal helmet law, are disagreeing with the idea that the government should not mandate laws that take away an individual’s right to choose what to wear based on the Ninth Amendment: The Ninth Amendment [to the US Constitution] says no law shall be enacted that regulates the individual’s freedom to choose his personal actions and mode of dress so long as it does not in any way affect the life, liberty, and happiness of others. We are being forced to wear a particular type of apparel because we choose to ride motorcycles (Jones, Marian Moser, and Ronald Bayer 212). The United States Constitution is the foundation for the laws written in the United States. Our â€Å"founding fathers† created the constitution to establish a government for the people of the United States of America, but it does not grant you individual rights. The Bill of Rights was created to grant and protector your individual rights by limiting powers of government. A universal helmet law is an act of means ends paternalism based on Immanuel Kant’s distinction made between hypothetical and categorical imperatives. â€Å"Means-ends paternalism mirrors a hypothetical imperative, because it essentially takes the form of requiring people to do things that will lead to the satisfaction of their own goals. † States Legislatures have passed a universal motorcycle helmet law in the past and justified by claiming it would prevent people from exposure of serious head injury, which would cause financial and emotional harm to others, not just to the riders. Those who continue to support and lobby for a universal helmet law, make the claim that helmets are effective in reducing head injuries, which society bears the costs of non-helmet riders’ injuries, thereby establishing a public interest. By requiring the rider to use reasonable safety equipment, such as a motorcycle helmet, it prevents harm to others, not just to the motorcyclist. If the motorcyclist chooses not to wear a helmet, they may increase the risk that when an accident occurs, it could possible result in more severe injuries. The riders is guarantee government funded medical assistant under the United States Constitution, so the costs of those accidents will become a burden not only on the riders, but also on taxpayers, because not all riders have sufficient insurance or savings to pay for all of their medical expenses. According to John Stuart Mill, â€Å"subject to background duties of justice and fair contribution, state coercion is justified only to prevent or punish acts causing harms to other persons, not harms to self. Harm to others can be found in almost any type of behavior; indirect harm is subject to limitless expansion. Those who support apparently paternalistic policies identify superficial harms to others, such as financial burdens associated with risky behaviors. † Examples of this type of behavior would be the costs of emergency response and health care for injuries that could have possibility been prevented by wearing a motorcycle helmet. According to NHTSA Report to Congress regarding the Benefits of Safety Belts and Motorcycle Helmets society would be able to save cost by mandating a universal helmet law. An analysis of linked data from CODES with universal helmet laws showed that without the helmet law, the total extra inpatient charges due to brain injury would have almost doubled from $2,325,000 to $4,095,000; A number of studies have compared hospital costs for helmeted and un-helmeted motorcyclists involved in traffic crashes. These studies have revealed that un-helmeted riders involved in crashes are less likely to have insurance and more likely to have higher hospital costs than helmeted riders involved in similar crashes; Estimates that motorcycle helmet use saved $1. 3 billion in 2002 alone and an additional $853 million would have been saved if all motorcyclists involved in fatal crashes had worn helmets; Estimates that motorcycle helmet use saved $19. 5 billion in economic costs from 1984 through 2002 and an additional $14. 8 billion would have been saved if all motorcyclists had worn helmets during the same period; CODES study also found that brain injury cases were more than twice as costly as non-brain injury cases for the one-year period studied. Among the un-helmeted motorcycle inpatients, charges for those suffering brain injuries were 2. 25 times higher than for those without brain injuries. Long-term costs were not included. (See EXHIBIT 13 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 1996). Both sides of the debate present strong arguments that support their reasoning’s regarding a universal motorcycle helmet law. Supporters of a Universal motorcycle helmet law continually argue that, a universal helmet law would save not only health care costs; it would in addition also lower taxes, insurance rates and save lives according to NHTSA’s reports. Meanwhile, those who oppose a universal motorcycle helmet law believe â€Å"Despite the strong evidence implicating repeal of helmet use laws as the cause of the large recent increases in fatally injured motorcyclists, the American Motorcyclist Association claimed that after an examination of available current data on motorcycle accidents, fatalities, registration and licensure, in addition to such relevant topics as weather conditions, we find that the NHTSA [was] altogether premature in its judgment . . . in faulting the widespread repeal of helmet use laws. ’ The Motorcycle Safety Foundation has also recently suggested that the NHTSA has selected information supporting helmet use laws and disregarded information to the contrary† (Watson, Geoffrey S. , Paul L. Zador, and Alan Wilks 580). NHTSA, the insurance industry, and motorcyclist groups use FARS and GES Auxiliary Datasets, which are one-to-one mappings of the Accident, Vehicle, and Person files. When conducting research you have the ability to analyze the data in either its full detail as coded or only the data you want to, it depends on the safety issue that is being questioned and the results that you which to obtain, which can led to biases results. By passing a universal motorcycle helmet law, the Federal Government is suggesting that the average adult motorcyclist does not have enough common sense to make their own choices, therefore they are required to mandate or should I say dictate proper behavior for a motorcyclist. The best solution is to educate both motorcyclist and automobile drivers through safety training that will help prevent motorcycle accidents, rather than mandating a universal motorcycle helmet law that only violates the rights of the motorcyclist right to choice or not to choice to wear a helmet. It is the history of motorcycle legislation debate that demonstrates to me, American motorcyclist have placed a value on their â€Å"Freedom of Choice† and have been successful over the past four decades communicating that they value their â€Å"Freedom of Choice† to the government; For that I am thankful. Motorcyclists in general, enjoy the sense of freedom that we associate with riding and by passing a universal motorcycle helmet law it would strip away that sensation from us. As, when I am riding a motorcycle without a helmet my senses come alive, that includes my sense of freedom! It is the power of the sun warming my skin, the touch of the cooling breeze across my face, the aroma of the salty ocean air or the giant redwoods, the sound of thunder roaring beneath me, which allows me to have the sense of flying freely. Works Cited Derrick, Allison J. , and Lee D.Faucher. Motorcycle helmets and rider safety: A legislative crisis. Journal of Public Health Policy 30. 2 (2009): 226-242. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 23 Oct. 2011 Homer, Jenny, and Michael French. Motorcycle Helmet Laws in the United States from 1990 to 2005: Politics and Public Health. † American Journal of Public Health 99. 3 (2009): 415-423. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 12, Oct. 2011. Hope Gilbert, Neil Chaudhary, Mark Solomon, David Preusser, Linda Cosgrove, â€Å"Evaluation of the reinstatement of the helmet law in Louisiana,† DOT HS 810 956. Washington DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (May 2008) Web 22, Oct. 2011, www. NHTSA. dot. gov. Houston, David J. , and Lilliard E. Richardson Jr. Motorcycle Safety and the Repeal of Universal Helmet Laws. † American Journal of Public Health 97. 11 (2007): 2063-2069. Business Source Premier. EBSCO. Web. 12 Oct. 2011. Jones, Marian Moser, and Ronald Bayer. Paternalism Its Discontents. † American Journal of Public Health 97. 2 (2007): 208-217. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 20 Oct. 2011. Jim Sensenbrenner Representative. Sensenbrenner introduces resolution to defend the rights of motorcycle riders. † FDCH Press Releases (n. d. ): Military Government Collection. EBSCO. Web. 20 Oct. 2011. Sullum, Jacob. Freedom Riders. † Reason 37. 6 (2005): 40. MasterFILE Premier. EBSCO. Web. 01 Oct. 2011. Charles C. , Umbenhauer. Its our right to decide. † USA Today n. d. : Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 01 Oct. 2011. R. G. Ulmer and D. F. Preusser. â€Å"Evaluation of the Repeal of Motorcycle Helmet Laws in Kentucky and Louisiana,† DOT HS 809 530 Washington DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (October 2003) Web 12, Oct. 2011, www. NHTSA. dot. gov. Sandel, Michael. â€Å"Justice: What’s the Right Thing to do? † New York, Farrar, Straus, and Groux, 2009. United States Department of Transportation. National Health Traffic Safety. â€Å"Report to Congress: Benefits of Safety Belts and Motorcycle Helmets: DOT HS 808 347, Washington DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (February 1996) Web 2, Oct. 2011, www. NHTSA. dot. gov. United States Department of Transportation. National Health Traffic Safety. â€Å"Traffic Safety Facts: DOT HS 810 887W, Washington DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (January 2008) Web 12, Oct. 2011, www. NHTSA. dot. gov. Watson, Geoffrey S. , Paul L. Zador, and Alan Wilks. The Repeal of Helmet Use Laws and Increased Motorcyclist Mortality In the United States, 1975-1978. † American Journal of Public Health 70. 6 (1980): 579. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 4 Oct. 2011.

Respiratory Disease Patient Assessment

Respiratory Disease Patient Assessment Total Patient Care Patient Profile Name of patient: Miss Cheung Sex/ Age: F/ 17 Hospital/ Ward. Bed no.: Alice Ho Miu Ling Nethersole Hospital (AHNH) / E4 (Paediatrics unit) / 25 Demographic Data (Client’s personal particulars) Psychological assessment: Miss Cheung, 17 years old, was born in Hong Kong in 1996. She speaks in Cantonese. She is a student and studies in secondary six. She is single and lives with parents at Tai Po. She has no religion. She is a non-smoker and non-drinker. Miss Cheung is shy when people talk to her. She expressed that she does not good at communicating with people. She hoped that she can return to school as soon as possible. Admission Details: Past health history: Miss Cheung did not get respiratory disease before and with good past health history and no family disease history. She has no known drug allergy and food allergy. Reasons for admission/ chief complaint: Miss Cheung was admitted to AHNH E4 ward from the Accident and Emergency Department (AED) on 1st December, 2013 at 11am with her mother for chief complaint of fever for 5 days which was up to 39.1oC, cough with yellowish sputum with small amount, mild runny nose and sore throat. She got fever which was 39.5oC with mild chilis at the time of admission. She had seen private sector for few days ago, but the condition had not been relieved and even worst with increased coughing and sputum production, persistent fever, runny nose and sore throat. Medical diagnosis and investigations: In the physical assessment, her neck was soft and no enlarged lymph nodes. Throat had mild congested without ulcer or exudates. Heart sound was normal with no murmur. Abdomen was soft, non tender, no mass and organ-megaly, and bowel sound was normal. Skin was intact and no rash. Chest X ray was done which showed that left lower zone had mild haziness but bilateral costo-phrenic angle were sharp. She was diagnosed as left sided pneumonia. Client’s progress (since admission, any examination, medical management, nursing care and client’s response): On 1st December, 2013 (admission day), her blood pressure was 114/60 mmHg, and SpO2 was 97% in room air which were normal; pulse rate was 128 beats per minute indicated tachycardia and respiratory rate was 22 breaths per minute indicated tachynea. Miss Cheung was diagnosed as left sided pneumonia. She complained of cough with increased sputum production, runny nose and sore throat and Actifed was administrated as prescribed. She got fever (39.5oC) with mild chilis, hence, Panadol and Augmentin were administrated as prescribed. She can continue diet as tolerated but she decreased diet and fluid intake due to loss of appetite and nausea. She got once vomiting with undigested food and yellowish fluid. Nasopharyngeal Aspirates was preformed for viruses detected. Sputum was collected for culture and blood sample was collected for complete blood count, renal and liver function test, C-reactive protein and AP titire. On the 2nd December, 2013, Miss Cheung complained of cough with increased sputum production but difficulty in coughing out, runny nose, mild headache, nausea and vomiting without abdominal pain and Actifed was administrated as prescribed. She got fever (38.8oC) and Panadol and Augmentin were administrated as prescribed. Miss Cheung complained of having loose stool in the morning which suspected the side effect of taken Augmentin. Miss Cheung had decreased diet and fluid intake due to loss of appetite and nausea. She got once vomiting with undisgested food and yellowish fluid in the morning Investigation(s) done: e.g. CXR, OGD Physical assessment date: Laboratory findings: Medication: Regular medication including oral and intravenous injection: Medications (when necessary): Comprehensive assessment using Gordon Functional Health Pattern: (Data collection date: 2nd December, 2013) Health perception and management Miss Cheung is a non-drinker and non-smoker. She has no known drug allergy. She had regular body check from the government health program. When she felt sick, she usually visited doctor immediately as she did not want to affect her study. She can indicate the rule of healthy life including regular exercise and balanced diet but she had not obeyed and taken action because of heavy schoolwork. Although she knew she was overweight, she cannot control herself on eating snacks. Nutrition and metabolism Miss Cheung has no known food allergy. She liked eating meat and fried food in which she ate fried food twice a week. She disliked vegetables and fruits, hence, she ate rare vegetables each day and fruits once a week. She usually ate 3 meals each day in which she usually ate noodles with egg and hams at the breakfast; fast food at lunch and rice with meats in dinner. She drank 6 cups of fluid everyday including water, soft drinks and soup. She ate snacks including chocolate and potato chip at most recess time. She decreased diet and fluid intake 5 days ago due to loss of appetite and nausea. Elimination She reported that she usually got 6 times urination everyday in which the urine color was yellowish with no pain and burning sensation. She usually had bowel elimination three times a week with brown and formed stools. But she complained that she got a loose stool on 2nd December, 2013 morning. She got once vomiting on 1st December, 2013 and once vomiting on 2nd December, 2013 morning with yellowish fluid and undigested food. Activity and exercise Miss Cheung does not have regular exercise but usually goes shopping with her friends about 5 to 6 hour at weekends. She prefers watching movies and playing computer games in the leisure time. She complained that she became weak and easily felt tired started five days ago. When she walked for a while, she felt shortness of breath. As she got the PE lessons on the 29th November, 2013, she coughed even worst and had breathing difficult and felt better after taking rest. Cognition and perception Miss Cheung is fully alert, and conscious, oriented to time, place and person. Her speech is clear; vision and hearing is normal and her response is communicable. She complained of headache and sore throat. Sleep and rest Miss Cheung expressed that she usually has 7 hours sleeping hours from 12am to 7am at night and usually sleeps well but sometimes get nightmares. She complained that she had decreased sleeping quality five days ago as cough became worst at night and sore throat which disturbed her sleeping. She reported that she cannot sleep well during hospitalization because of the strange environment and coughing. Sexuality and reproduction Miss Cheung is single and never has sexual activity. She does not have regular self breast examination and genital examination. Roles and relationship Miss Cheung lives with her parents and has good relationship with her parents and always gets support from her parents. She feels satisfactory on her social life and has good relationship with her friends. She expressed that she missed school life and her friends and hoped that returned to school as soon as possible. Self perception and self concept Miss Cheung expressed that she quit cared on how people think about her. She believed that if she studies well, parents and friends will like her and proud of her so that she concerns on her study. She expressed that she is shy to communicate with stranger but she quite concerned on having a wide social life. Stress and coping Miss Cheung expressed that her major concern and pressure was her studying. She worried that she stayed at the hospital in which she cannot attend to school and afraid of keeping up the progress. When she feels stress, she prefers eating and listening music to release pressure. Values and beliefs Miss Cheung does not have religious. She believed that she can handle things on her own. She expressed that her family and friends were important for her who always gave her supports. All possible nursing diagnosis with priority: Ineffective airway clearance is related to viscous secretions secondary to pneumonia as evidence by inability to remove airway secretion. Impaired gas exchange is related to excessive secretion secondary to infection as evidence by verbally complained of shortness of breath. Imbalanced nutrition: less than body requirements is related to increased caloric requirements and difficulty in ingesting sufficient calories secondary to infection as evidence by verbally reported weight loss and decreased diet intake. Deficient fluid volume is related to vomiting and decreased motivation to drink liquids as evidence by dry lip and tongue and insufficient oral fluid intake. Activity intolerance is related to inadequate motivation secondary to generalized weakness as evidence by verbally reported of weakness and lost of power. Reasons for priority: After the assessment, the nursing diagnosis made for Miss Cheung were ineffective airway clearance, impaired gas change, imbalanced nutrition: less than body requirement, deficient fluid volume and activity intolerance. The first priority is ineffective airway clearance as the accumulation of thick secretions affects the effective ventilation and may cause cyanosis and dyspnea. It is important for her to be effective airway clearance to reduce the risk of dyspnea. The second priority is deficient fluid volume which may cause dehydration and electrolyte imbalance. These may affect organ function like heart failure in serious. It is important for her to replace fluid volume and prevent harmful effect. The third priority is imbalanced nutrition: less than body requirement. As Miss Cheung had decreased diet intake from the sickness and nutritional requirements would be increased to enhance the immune system, lack of nutrition should be considered. After that, diet modification of balanced diet should be educated to Miss Cheung due to BMI higher than normal range. The fourth priority is impaired gas change which affects the oxygen delivery to the cells. Once the ineffective airway clearance is managed, the problem can be resolved. The last priority is activity intolerance because it is caused by ineffective airway clearance, impaired gas change and discomfort. Once these problems are managed, her activity level has been returned normal. Focus assessment for the altered functional health patterns: Activity and exercise (Data collection on 2/12/2013 at 11am) Subjective Data: Miss Cheung reported that she got cough and fever from 27th November, 2013 in which cough had become worst with increased sputum production. However, she cannot cough out sputum effectively. Once she can cough out, the sputum was yellowish and sticky with small amount. She felt fatigue and malaise especially having exercises. She reported that she felt shortness of breath and increased sputum production when she walked for a while. She got PE lesson on the 29th November, 2013, then, she coughed worst and got breathing difficult. After taking a rest, breathing difficult had been relieved but still cough with increased sputum production and difficult to cough out. She reported that she needed more efforts to take a breath after walking up stairs or doing exercise in these few days. She also expressed that she usually went shopping with friends after school, but she lost of interested after getting sick as she felt tired and wanted to have a rest all the time. She was asked to walk around the ward for about five minutes. She reported that she needed to go to bed as she felt tired and mild breathing difficulty in which she needed more effort to breath and she cannot tolerate more. Objective Date: She can breathe spontaneously through nasal. The serum C-reactive protein (28.2 mg/L) and white blood cell (11.9X109/L) were higher than normal indicated infection and inflammation condition. Chest X-ray indicated that left lower zone had mild haziness. She was diagnosed as left sided pneumonia. Her respiratory rate was 22 breaths per minute on the admission day which was tachypnea. Her respiratory rate on 2nd December, 2013 at 10am was 21 breaths per minute indicated tachypnea with regular rrhythm. Her chest wall moved in symmetrical and did not use of accessory muscle. She was asked to walk around the ward for about five minutes. When she changed position from lying to stand, she had coughed more but she cannot cough out sputum effectively. Her SpO2 was kept monitoring during walking which was 96 to 98%. She had not appeared cyanosis but had rapid and shallow breathing during walking. Before walking, her pulse rate was 105 beats per minute; blood pressure was 114/66 mmHg; respiratory rate was 21 breaths per minute and SpO2 was 98%. After having a walk, her pulse rate was 120 beats per minute; blood pressure was 110/67 mmHg; respiratory rate was 24 breaths per minute and SpO2 was 95%. After auscultation of her lung sound, crackling and bubbling sounds had been noted. Nutrition and metabolism (Data collection on 2/12/2013 at 1130 am) Subjective Data: Miss Cheung expressed that she had lost of appetite and decreased diet and fluid intake from 27th November, 2013 because of getting sick and nausea. She expressed that she got fever, headache, sore throat and cough which were the major reasons of discomfort. She expressed that she had not contacted to people who were getting sick and had not got any vaccination. She expressed that she felt she lost weight since she got sick. She had taken 1/3 diet on every meal time and total 600ml fluid on 1st December, 2013. She got totally four times urination on 1st December, 2013. She got once urination from 2nd December, 2013 in the morning and reported that it was yellowish with small amount and odor. She reported that she got nausea especially after excessive coughing. She got once vomiting on 1st December, 2013 and once vomiting on 2nd December, 2013 morning with yellowish fluid and undigested food. Objective Data: Miss Cheung’s body weight was 75.1 kilogram and height was 164.5 centimeter in which her BMI was 27.8 which was overweight. Physical assessment had been done on the 2nd December, 2013 morning. Her body temperature was 38.3 oC which was hyperthermia; blood pressure was 115/78 mmHg’ SpO2 was 97% in room air and her pulse rate was 105 beats per minutes which were normal. Her respiratory rate was 21 breaths per minute which was tachypnea. Her skin turgor and capillary refill time were within 3 seconds indicated normal but with dry mucous membrane. She had dry lip and tongue. Her Glasgow Coma Scale was 15/15 which was fully consciousness. References: Anthony, R.W., Brain, W., Clive, K., Gary, W., James, P., Rienk, P. (2004). Augmentin (amoxicillin/ clavulanate) in the treatment of community – acquired respiratory tract infection: a review of the continuing development of an innovative antimicrobial agent. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 53, i3 – i20. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkh050. Barry, M.P., Irwin, H.R., Kristen, E.D. (2011). Water, Hydration and Health. Nutr Rev, 68(8), 439 – 458. doi: 10.1111/j.753-4887.2010.00304.x Carpenito-Moyet, L.J. (14th ed.). (2013). Nursing diagnosis: Application to clinicalpractice. Mickleton, N.J.: Lippincott Williams Wilkins. David, R.T., Eric, G.T., John, E., Larry, L., Laurence, Z.R., Steven, A.L., Todd, R.C., Richard, G.S. (2008). Understanding Clinical Dehydration and Its Treatment. Jamda, 9, 292 – 301. Del, M.C, Guppy, M.P.P, Mickan, S.M, Thorning, S. (2010). Advising patients toincrease fluid intake for treating acute respiratory infections (Review). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2, 1 – 10. Genc, A., Guneri, E.A. (2008). Effect of deep breathing exercises on oxygenationafter major head and neck surgery. Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, 139, 281 – 285. Griffint, J., Maughan, R.J. (2003). Caffeine ingestion and fluid balance: a review. JHum Nutr Dielet, 16, 411 – 420. Kim, C.E, William, N.R., Wong, K.M.T. (2011). Sputum-Based MolecularBiomarkers for the Early Detection of Lung Cancer: Limitation and Promise. Cancer, 3, 2975 – 2989. doi: 10.3390/cancers3032975 Singh, R. (2003). Fluid Balance and Exercise Performance. Mal J Nutr, 9(1), 53 – 74. Tina, M. (2007). Respiratory assessment in adults. Nursing Standard, 21(49), 58 – 60.

Education and Awareness Will Promote Environmental Justice Essay

Education and Awareness Will Promote Environmental Justice The goals of this environmental justice conference are stated simply: firstly, to explore whether racial minorities and the poor are being environmentally victimized, and secondly, to evaluate public policies that promote environmental fairness. Each speaker provided insight and information from their respective area of expertise. Led by keynote speaker Dr. Bunyan Bryant, they drew upon the realms of academic investigation, government and public policy, sociology, healthcare, and philosophy to unite the environmental movement with the quest for social justice. After absorbing so much information concerning the current state of environmental justice, one leaves the conference with an overwhelming sense of responsibility to promote awareness and fairness when dealing with issues of environmental quality. Dr. Bunyan Bryant of the University of Michigan began by addressing the history, issues, dilemmas, and central premises of the environmental justice movement. Dr. Bryant distinguishes environmental racism, or the targeting of certain communities for undesirable land use, from environmental equity. The movement is characterized by a complexity of cultural norms, rules, regulations, behaviors, values, policies, and decisions. These influences either lead to the promotion of sustainable communities and the realization of high potentials, or contribute to the degradation of environments by impeding communities from enjoying social, political, and environmental health. Dr. Bryant notes the importance of key events, ranging from the effects of the 1990 Michigan Conference to the earlier convergence of the civil rights and environmental movements around the time of the as... ...s from diverse areas in order to achieve an integrated perspective of the issues, successes, and common goals characterizing the environmental justice movement. The conference was bound together by a common message - the need for education and awareness of issues of environmental quality. Environmental justice corresponds directly to human health and quality of life throughout the world. Regardless of whether or not an environmental hazard exists in one's community or backyard, it is necessary to be informed of the issues that affect us all. The goals of the conference were thus met by clarifying that environmental injustice is indeed occurring, thereby instilling in each participant the need for continued education and involvement in the quest for safe and healthy environments for all. This is the way in which environmental justice will prevail in future societies.

George Washington :: Essays Papers

George Washington The genetic disorder I was told to research was the Sickle Cell Disease. I will explain what mutation causes this disease, the characteristics of it, and what has developed in the area of gene therapy because of it. The Sickle Cell Disease is an inherited disease. The gene for hemogoblin-S (which causes the disease) is the most common inherited blood condition in America; although most people only inherit one copy of the gene for HbS, while the other gene, hemogoblin-A, is normal, and can override HbS, blocking the disease. These people have the HbS trait, but not the disease, therefore leading a normal life. For an offspring to acquire the disease, both parents must have the HbS gene, yet the child only has a 25% chance of having Sickle Cells. You cannot catch the disease, you are born with it and it is present for life. There are many complications and harmful effects as the result of the Sickle Cell Disease. The disease causes hemoglobin in the red blood cells, when it does not receive sufficient oxygen, to form into long, sickle shapes with a sticky, chemical surface. When blood cells are this form, they cannot go through the capillaries, blocking off both blood and oxygen. Fortunately only 20% of all red blood cells become Sickle Cells; t he sickle cells have a shorter life span; and most blood cells go through the capillaries before becoming sickle-shaped. The most painful effect known from Sickle Cell Disease are episodes of pain called Sickle Cell Crisis, where the body is in need of oxygen, either from physical activities or a sickle blood cell blocking blood passages that lead to organs. The first day is the worst, where devastating pain goes to the arm, leg, and back, along with the shortness of breath. The other symptoms of Sickle Cells include: strokes, increased infections, early gallstones, yellow discoloring of eyes and skin, low blood cell counts (anemia), and delayed growth. For the cause of the Sickle Cell Disease, there has been many research going on in the area of gene therapy. Labs around the world are trying to fix the basic genetic defect, by placing the correct amino acid in the hemogoblin before or shortly after birth. This method would result in the cure of the root of the problem. Currently researchers are finding a safe way to perform this method. To try

Internal and External Conflict in George Orwells Nineteen Eighty-Four (1984) :: Nineteen Eighty-Four 1984 Essays

Internal and External Conflict in 1984 Â   The book, 1984 by George Orwell, is about the external conflict between Winston Smith and Big Brother; and the internal conflict between the two ideas, democracy and totalitarianism. Orwell wrote the novel to show society what it could become if things kept getting worse: he sensed of the expansion of communism when he wrote the novel. The conflict between democracy and totalitarianism at the year of 1945 created two characters, Winston Smith and Big Brother, in orwell's mind. Big Brother is the embodiment of all the ideals of the totalitarian party. In contrast to Big Brother, Winston Smith keeps the idea of democracy emphasizes freedom, he has to hide his own thought because the Big Brother's party will punish him by death if the party finds it out. George orwell criticizes of Big Brother's society by describing it as a dark and a gloomy place. It warns that people might believe that everyone must become slaves to the government in order to have an orderly society, but at the expen se of the freedom of the people. Â   Â   The conflict between Winston and Big Brother starts from the beginning of the novel when Winston begins to keep his secret diary about Big Brother. Winston Smith is a third-nine years old man who is a member of the 'outer-party'--the lower of the two classes. Winston works for the government in one of the four main government buildings called the ministry of Truth where his job is to rewrite history books in order for people not to learn what the past used to be like. Winston's occupation is the major factor which lets him to realize that Big Brother is restricting people's freedom. However, Winston keeps his complains about Big Brother and the party for his own secret because the party will not allow anyone keeping a rebellious thought. The tension between them gets serious when Big Brother becomes suspicious of Winston. Winston is therefore watched by O'Brien, an intelligent execute at the 'Ministry of Truth', who is a member of the 'inner party'--the upper class. Without doub ting Big Brother's trap, Winston shares his ideas with O'Brien. O'Brien mentions a gentleman named Emmanuel Goldstein whom he claims to know the leader of the rebels against the party. O'Brien also promises to help winston, and promises him a copy of Goldstein's book. But O'Brien betrays him as Big Brother has planned. Internal and External Conflict in George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four (1984) :: Nineteen Eighty-Four 1984 Essays Internal and External Conflict in 1984 Â   The book, 1984 by George Orwell, is about the external conflict between Winston Smith and Big Brother; and the internal conflict between the two ideas, democracy and totalitarianism. Orwell wrote the novel to show society what it could become if things kept getting worse: he sensed of the expansion of communism when he wrote the novel. The conflict between democracy and totalitarianism at the year of 1945 created two characters, Winston Smith and Big Brother, in orwell's mind. Big Brother is the embodiment of all the ideals of the totalitarian party. In contrast to Big Brother, Winston Smith keeps the idea of democracy emphasizes freedom, he has to hide his own thought because the Big Brother's party will punish him by death if the party finds it out. George orwell criticizes of Big Brother's society by describing it as a dark and a gloomy place. It warns that people might believe that everyone must become slaves to the government in order to have an orderly society, but at the expen se of the freedom of the people. Â   Â   The conflict between Winston and Big Brother starts from the beginning of the novel when Winston begins to keep his secret diary about Big Brother. Winston Smith is a third-nine years old man who is a member of the 'outer-party'--the lower of the two classes. Winston works for the government in one of the four main government buildings called the ministry of Truth where his job is to rewrite history books in order for people not to learn what the past used to be like. Winston's occupation is the major factor which lets him to realize that Big Brother is restricting people's freedom. However, Winston keeps his complains about Big Brother and the party for his own secret because the party will not allow anyone keeping a rebellious thought. The tension between them gets serious when Big Brother becomes suspicious of Winston. Winston is therefore watched by O'Brien, an intelligent execute at the 'Ministry of Truth', who is a member of the 'inner party'--the upper class. Without doub ting Big Brother's trap, Winston shares his ideas with O'Brien. O'Brien mentions a gentleman named Emmanuel Goldstein whom he claims to know the leader of the rebels against the party. O'Brien also promises to help winston, and promises him a copy of Goldstein's book. But O'Brien betrays him as Big Brother has planned.

Phineas Gage Paper Essay

There are many cognitive functions that the brain performs on a daily basis. People can survive with traumatic brain injuries or strokes and still function to a point. The brain is an amazing organ that can be resilient and bounce back from brain injuries due to an accident or stroke, depending on which areas of the brain are affected. If certain areas of the brain are affected then the person could lose the ability to see, speak, remember, function, or even die. A person’s brain continues to change and develop throughout their lifetime, even if parts of the brain become necrotic due to dementia and other disorders. The best known case of how a person can survive and have a relatively normal life after a brain injury was Phineas Gage. His story is an amazing one that is hard to believe. There are several parts of the brain that are responsible for the cognitive functions. One part of the brain that is responsible for cognitive functions is the amygdala. The amygdala is an almond shaped set of nuclei that control emotions such as fear, disgust, anger, and even pleasure. The amygdala is also responsible for what memories that the brain stores. For this reason, if the amygdala is damaged, then a person might lose their ability to control their temper, or the ability to remember their childhood. Another part of the brain that is responsible for cognitive function is the Wernicke’s area and the Broca’s region. Both of these regions are named for the person who discovered them. They both are responsible for speech and how we talk. It is also involved in how a person understands written and spoken language. For this reason, if a person sustains damage to either of these areas, then they could lose the ability to speak or understand words that are spoken to them or written words. The story of Phineas Gage is the most famous story of how neuroscience plays a part in a person’s survival. Back in 1848, in Cavendish, Vermont, Phineas Gage was a construction foreman working on a railroad bed when he was loading a hole in the ground with explosives. He was stuffing the explosives into the hole with a tampering iron when they went off and the forty-three inch long, thirteen pound tampering iron went through his left cheek and throughout his brain and out of the back of his skull. The accident affected his frontal lobe of his brain and stories have indicated that he was never the same again. He became blind in his left eye. He spent ten weeks in the hospital under the care of Doctor John Harlow and then was sent home (Unknown, 2010). Harlow observed Gage the entire ten weeks. He was unable to hold a foreman’s job again. Unfortunately, his recovery was not a complete success. The once likable and friendly man became fitful, irreverent, and grossly profane. He worked odd jobs from that time until his death in 1860 from seizures due to his injury. Harlow wrote that he was never the same after his injury and that â€Å"the balance between his intellectual faculties and animal propensities seemed gone. † He could not stick to plans, uttered the grossest profanity, and showed little deference for his fellows (Twomey, 2010). The reason that the case of Phineas Gage became so popular and famous was because it was the first case of its kind where brain injury and personality changes correlated and became prominent in the field of neuroscience. This was the first case where it was proven that brain injuries can affect how a person acts in their behaviors. Gage sustained damage to the frontal lobe of the brain and Dr. Harlow even claims that Gage never lost consciousness due to his injury. After his death, Dr. Harlow had Gage’s body exhumed and studied both the skull and the tampering iron before donating both to the Warren Anatomical Museum for display. This was after he authored reports of the case of Phineas Gage. There have been increasingly more cases of Traumatic Brain Injuries causing damage to the brain, especially in the past decade of the war in the Middle East. These injuries are paving the way for the world of cognitive psychology and neuroscience for how to treat the damage to the brain. The most famous case so far in history has been the case of Phineas Gage. He proved that the damage to the frontal lobe can affect how a person acts and their behaviors. With the technology that is becoming available, we should be able to make more and more strides in the subject of brain injuries. Hopefully someday, we can find how to treat these brain injuries from accidents and strokes and possibly cure them.